HISTORY  OF  COLONEL  HENRY 
BOUQUET 


OF  this  book  six  hundred  copies  have  been 
printed  from  type  and  the  type  distributed. 


HISTORY  OF 

COLONEL  HENRY  B°UQUET 

B7S 

and  the 

Western  Frontiers  of  Pennsylvania 

1747-1764 


COLLECTED  AND  EDITED 
BT 

MARY  CARSON  DARLINGTON 


Privately  Printed 


Copyright,  1920,  by 
MARY  O'HAHA  DAHI.INGTOX 


DEDICATED  TO  THE  DAUGHTERS  or  THE 

* 

AMERICAN  REVOLUTION 
or  ALLEGHENY  COUNTY,  PENNSYLVANIA 


PREFACE 

Several  years  after  the  publication  of 
"Fort  Pitt  and  Letters  from  the  Frontier" 
— 1894 — by  Mrs.  Mary  C.  Darlington 
this  book  was  prepared  but  for  various 
reasons  was  not  published  until  now. 
Mrs.  Darlington  died  June  18th,  1915. 
Mary  O'Hara  Darlington. 


INTRODUCTION 

THE  increase  of  interest  in  the  frontier  history  of 
Pennsylvania,  caused  by  the  establishment  of  the 
Society  of  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolu 
tion,  has  induced  me  to  publish  these  historical  docu 
ments. 

Trent's  Journal  and  the  Letters  were  obtained  by 
Mr.  William  M.  Darlington  from  the  Library  of  the 
British  Museum  some  years  since.  For  the  events 
and  dates  in  the  accompanying  historical  notes,  I 
consulted  the  earliest  writers  on  frontier  history; 
John  Entick's  Late  War,  published  in  1766, 
Gordon's  History  of  Pennsylvania,  and  French 
biographies. 

The  letters  to  and  from  General  Bouquet  are 
copies  of  letters  in  the  British  Museum  and  give  a 
full  and  correct  history  of  Bouquet's  expedition  from 
Philadelphia  to  Fort  Pitt  which  he  rescued  from  the 
Indians.  In  "Fort  Pitt,"  published  a  few  years 
since,  is  the  history  of  the  Indians'  attack  on  the  Fort 
and  its  rescue  by  General  Bouquet. 

MARY  CARSON  DARLINGTON. 


CONTENTS 

Page 

FRONTIER  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 1 

LOGSTOWN 9 

CLAIMS  OF  VIRGINIA 10 

VIRGINIA'S  CLAIM  TO  WESTERN  PENNSYLVANIA       .      .  15 

TRENT'S  JOURNAL 17 

E.  WARD'S  DEPOSITION,  175C 41 

FORT  Du  QUESNE 48 

GEORGE  CROGHAN 55 

EXTRACTS  FROM  LETTERS  OF  GENERAL  SHIRLEY    .      .  77 

THOMAS  POWNALL 81 

GENERAL  EDWARD  BRADDOCK 85 

COLONEL  BOUQUET 88 

FORT  PITT 102 

REDOUBT  OF  FORT  PITT 115 

PITTSBURGH 118 

LOYALISTS 122 

CANADA  AND  SPAIN 124 

BOUQUET  PAPERS  FROM  BRITISH  MUSEUM  ....  131 

FLOODS  IN  THE  RIVERS  AT  PITTSBURGH  215 


ILLUSTRATIONS 

Henry  Bouquet Frontispiece 

Facing 
Page 

Logstown 

Fort  Duquesne 95 

Map    .      .      : 104 

Redoubt  of  Fort  Pitt,  Built  1764 115 

(Photographed  1902) 
Fort  Bedford 135 

Camp  at  Fort  Ligonier 145 


HISTORY  OF  COLONEL  HENRY 
BOUQUET 


FRONTIER  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 

IN  the  year  succeeding  that  in  which  America  was 
first  discovered,  Pope  Alexander,  the  sixth,  by  his 
bulls,  dated  2nd  and  3rd  of  May,  1493,  munificently 
gave  the  whole  of  this  vast  continent  to  Ferdinand 
and  Isabella  of  Spain,  following  the  example  of  his 
predecessors,  who  in  1440  had  granted  Africa  to 
King  Alphonso,  the  fifth,  of  Portugal.  A  former 
Pope  had  declared  that  no  such  continent  did  or  could 
exist,  and  had  denounced  excommunication  against 
all  who  should  believe  the  contrary  opinion.  Ferdi 
nand,  King  of  Spain,  in  1509,  established  two  gov 
ernments  upon  the  continent  of  America.  The  cele 
brated  Dr.  Robertson  remarks  in  his  History  of 
America,  "That  in  order  to  give  their  title  to  those 
countries  some  appearance  of  validity,  several  of  the 
most  eminent  divines  and  lawyers  in  Spain  were  em 
ployed  to  prescribe  the  mode  in  which  they  should 
take  possession  of  them."  The  inhabitants  could  not 
understand  how  a  foreign  priest  could  have  any  right 
to  dispose  of  their  country;  they  therefore  fiercely 
opposed  the  new  invaders  of  their  territories. 

America  at  its  first  discovery  was  found  to  be  in 
habited  and  possessed  by  numerous  tribes  of  nations, 


2  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

who  had  divided  the  continent  between  themselves; 
how  long  these  people  had  occupied  it  is  unknown, 
and  whatever  might  have  been  their  origin,  they  un 
doubtedly  were  the  original  and  first  occupants  and 
possessors  of  the  country.  The  Indians'  right  to  the 
country  was  admitted  by  the  governors  of  the  States, 
and  a  payment  was  made  to  the  Indians  before  the 
white  colonists  were  permitted  to  occupy  it.  On 
the  20th  of  August,  1760,  General  Monckton  held  a 
treaty  at  Fort  Pitt,  with  the  Six  Nations,  Shawnese 
and  Delawares,  and  declared  that  his  Britannic 
Majesty  had  not  sent  him  to  deprive  them  of  their 
land,  but  to  build  forts,  to  prevent  the  enemy  from 
taking  possession  of  their  land.  When  Henry  Bou 
quet  was  colonel-of-foot  and  commanding  at  Fort 
Pitt  and  dependencies  in  1763,  the  following  procla 
mation  was  issued  at  Fort  Pitt : 

"Whereas,  by  a  treaty  at  Easton,  in  the  year  1758, 
and  afterwards  ratified  by  His  Majesty's  Ministers, 
the  country  to  the  West  of  the  Allegheny  Mountains, 
is  allowed  to  the  Indians  for  their  hunting  ground. 
And  as  it  is  of  the  highest  importance  to  His 
Majesty's  service  and  the  preservation  of  the  peace 
and  a  good  understanding  with  the  Indians  to  avoid 
giving  them  any  just  cause  of  complaint. 

"This  is  therefore  to  forbid  any  of  His  Majesty's 
subjects  to  settle  or  hunt  to  the  west  of  the  Alle- 
gany  Mountains  on  any  pretence  whatever,  unless 
such  have  obtained  leave  in  writing  from  the  General, 
or  the  Governors  of  their  respective  provinces,  and 


Frontier  of  Pennsylvania 


produce  the  same  to  the  commanding  officer  at  Fort 
Pitt.  And  all  the  officers  and  non-commissioned 
officers,  commanding  at  the  several  posts  erected  in 
that  part  of  the  country,  for  the  protection  of  the 
trade,  are  hereby  ordered  to  seize  or  cause  to  be 
seized,  any  of  His  Majesty's  subjects,  who  without 
the  above  authority  should  pretend,  after  the  publica 
tion  hereof  to  settle  or  hunt  upon  the  said  lands,  and 
send  them,  with  their  horses  and  effects  to  Fort  Pitt, 
there  to  be  tried  and  punished  according  to  the  na 
ture  of  their  offence,  by  the  sentence  of  a  court 
martial." 

In  the  spring  of  the  year  1768,  Sir  William  John 
son  received^the  King's  commands  and  instructions  to 
complete  the  purchase  of  the  lands  from  the  Alle- 
gany  Mountains  to  the  river  Ohio;  and  accordingly 
he  gave  the  earliest  notice  thereof  to  the  governments 
of  Virginia,  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey,  and  to 
the  Six  Nations,  the  Delawares  and  other  Indians  re 
siding  upon  the  river  Ohio,  and  appointed  a  con 
gress  to  be  held  with  them  in  the  autumn  at  Fort 
Stanwix  in  the  province  of  New  York. 

At  a  congress  held  at  Fort  Stanwix  with  the 
several  nations  of  Indians,  Saturday,  November  the 
5th,  1768,  the  deed  to  His  Majesty,  one  to  the 
proprietors  of  Pennsylvania,  and  the  one  to  the 
traders,  being  then  laid  on  the  table,  were  executed 
in  the  presence  of  the  governor  of  New  Jersey,  the 
commissioners  of  Virginia  and  the  rest  of  the  gentle 
men  present.  After  which  the  chiefs  of  each  nation 


4  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

received  the  cash,  which  was  piled  on  a  table  for  that 
purpose. 

This  deed  is  recorded  in  the  Philadelphia  Record 
Office,  Book  I,  Vol.  5,  Page  243,  etc. 

It  is  a  well  known  fact  that  the  long  war  between 
Great  Britain,  France  and  Spain  had  its  origin  in 
America.  Very  soon  after  the  Peace  of  Aix-la- 
Chapelle  in  1748,  the  French  laid  the  foundation  for 
a  future  war.  Canada  was  in  possession  of  the 
French,  they  claimed  also  all  the  country  watered 
by  the  Ohio  River  and  its  tributaries.  This  claim 
was  based  upon  that  recognized  law  of  nations,  that 
the  discovery  of  the  mouth  of  a  river  entitled  the  na 
tion  so  discovering  to  the  whole  country  drained  by 
that  river  and  its  tributaries.  La  Salle  was  the  first 
discoverer  of  the  Ohio;  he  was  a  native  of  Rouen, 
born  about  1635.  In  1667  he  arrived  in  Canada  in 
the  capacity  of  a  merchant.  In  1677  he  set  about 
executing  the  great  scheme  he  had  long  meditated  of 
tracing  the  river  Mississippi.  He  caused  to  be  con 
structed  a  vessel  of  sixty  tons.  On  the  7th  of 
August,  1679,  this  vessel,  with  thirty-four  persons 
on  board,  some  of  whom  were  priests,  was  launched 
on  Lake  Erie.  He  arrived  at  Mackinaw  on  the  27th 
of  August  and  anchored  at  a  small  island  in  the 
mouth  of  Green  Bay.  On  the  6th  of  February 
(1682),  they  floated  their  canoes  on  the  Mississippi. 
On  the  6th  of  April,  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  appeared 
in  view.  The  following  day  was  employed  in  search 
ing  for  a  place,  removed  from  the  tide  and  inundations 


Frontier  of  Pennsylvania  5 

of  the  river,  on  which  to  erect  a  column  and  a  cross. 
The  arms  of  France  were  attached  to  the  column 
with  this  inscription: 

"Louis  the  Great,  King  of  France  and  Navarre, 
reigns,  the  9th  of  April,  1682."  This  is  the  title 
claimed  by  France,  but  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi 
had  been  traversed  140  years  earlier  by  Ferdinand 
de  Soto,  one  of  the  followers  of  Pizarro,  with  a  force 
of  at  least  500  men.  La  Salle  was  the  first  discoverer 
of  the  Ohio.  Great  Britain  based  its  claim  on  the 
discoveries  of  Cabot.  The  first  settlement  the 
French  made  in  America  was  in  Canada  in  1612. 
By  the  encouragement  given  by  the  French  King, 
the  colony  was  greatly  increased,  and  by  the  influ 
ence  of  the  Jesuits  the  trade  with  the  Indians  was 
much  extended. 

History  of  French  Officers  Who  Claimed  Possession 
of  the  Western  Frontier 

Roland  Michel  Bar,  Count  de  la  Gallissonniere, 
was  the  administrator  of  the  Government  of  New 
France  from  1747  to  1749,  during  the  imprisonment 
in  England  of  Admiral  de  la  Jonquiere.  He  was  a 
distinguished  marine  officer.  He  governed  Canada 
only  two  years.  His  administration  is  chiefly  marked 
by  some  disputes  with  the  English  and  their  colonists, 
relative  to  their  right  of  way  in  and  about  the  penin 
sula  of  Nova  Scotia  and  the  Ohio  region.  He 
erected  extensive  defensive  fortifications,  adopted  and 
in  part  executed  the  vast  plan  of  joining  Canada  to 


6  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

Louisiana  by  a  chain  of  forts  along  the  rivers.  In 
1749  he  visited  France  and  was  created  royal  geog 
rapher.  In  1750  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  com 
missioners  to  decide  on  the  boundaries  of  French  and 
English  in  Acadie.  In  1754  and  1756  he  commanded 
a  squadron  in  the  Mediterranean  and  died  soon  after 
the  battle,  which  resulted  so  disastrously  to  Admiral 
Byng.  He  forced  Byng  to  retire — for  which  act  the 
admiral  was  tried  by  court-martial  in  England  and 
was  shot.  He  was  a  student  of  natural  history  and 
whatever  foreign  location  he  visited  he  enriched  with 
the  most  useful  plants  he  could  collect.  It  was  Gal- 
lissonniere  who  sent  Celeron  to  take  possession  of  the 
Ohio  country  by  leaving  plates  of  lead  at  the  mouth 
of  streams  along  the  Allegheny  and  Ohio  rivers. 

Celeron  was  an  officer  of  distinction  and  had  com 
manded  at  several  posts.  In  1739  he  was  sent  to  the 
Checagoes  and  was  the  only  officer  that  went  with 
the  Canadians  to  that  village.  Thence  he  went  to 
command  at  Detroit.  When  war  broke  out  he  was 
sent  to  Niagara,  where  he  remained  two  years.  In 
1749  he  commanded  a  detachment  sent  to  the  Ohio 
by  order  of  the  Governor  to  plant  lead  plates  at  the 
mouth  of  streams.  The  detachment  was  formed  of 
a  captain,  eight  subaltern  officers,  six  cadets,  an 
armorer,  twenty  men  of  the  troops,  and  one  hundred 
and  eighty  Canadians.  He  descended  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Wabash.  When  Governor  Dinwiddie  re 
ceived  notice  of  the  intention  of  the  French  to  take 
possession  of  the  land  on  the  Ohio,  he  sent  Captain 


Frontier  of  Pennsylvania 


Trent  to  Logstown  to  protest  against  this  usurpa 
tion  and  to  take  a  present  of  powder,  lead,  guns,  etc. 
to  the  Six  Nations  and  their  allies. 

French  Officers 

Jaques  Pierre  de  Taffanel,  Marquis  de  la 
Jonquiere,  Governor  of  Canada  from  1749  to  1752, 
was  born  about  1686  in  the  Chateau  de  la  Jonquiere 
Languedoc,  and  was  the  descendant  of  a  high  family. 
He  served  in  the  war  of  the  succession,  assisted  in 
the  reduction  of  the  Cevennes  and  rose  to  the  rank 
of  admiral  in  the  service.  In  1751  he  solicited  his 
recall  and  died  at  Quebec  on  the  17th  of  May,  1752. 
France  lost  in  him  one  of  the  ablest  of  her  naval 
officers.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1698;  was  in  the 
expeditions  in  favor  of  Philip  V  of  Spain  and  adju 
tant  in  the  army  in  1703;  was  taken  prisoner  near 
Barcelona  in  1706;  served  at  the  seige  of  Toulon 
in  1707;  and  in  the  expedition  to  Rio  Janeiro  in 
1711.  Was  created  knight  of  St.  Louis  and  ap 
pointed  captain  of  an  independent  company  in 
1731;  captain  in  the  navy  in  1736;  inspector  of 
marine  in  1741  and  in  1744  was  flag  officer  of  Vice 
Admiral  de  Court;  1747  he  was  appointed  governor 
of  Canada,  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  British  and 
did  not  arrive  in  Canada  until  September,  1749.  He 
was  buried  in  the  Church  of  the  Recollets.  Like  the 
preceding  governors,  Jonquiere's  desire  was  to  re 
tain  possession  of  the  country  on  the  Ohio.  In  1752 
he  reported  that  the  Indian  nations  were  threaten- 


8  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

ing  a  general  conspiracy  against  the  French  and 
were  encouraged  by  the  English.  He  had  arrested 
four  Englishmen  who  were  trading  in  the  colonies; 
he  sent  three  of  them  to  France,  where  they  were  im 
prisoned  in  Rochelle.  The  Marquis  had  prepared 
a  plan  to  drive  the  English  from  the  Ohio  and 
punish  the  Indians  who  were  friends  with  the  Eng 
lish.  At  a  council  held  on  the  llth  of  July  with 
the  Onondagas  of  the  five  Iroquois  nations,  the  right 
to  the  Ohio  lands  was  denied  to  these  Indians  and 
they  were  urged  to  make  war  on  the  Cherokees  who 
were  said  to  have  murdered  eighteen  Iroquois. 

Marquis  Du  Quesne  de  Menneville  succeeded  the 
Marquis  de  la  Jonquiere,  governor  of  Canada.  He 
was  a  brave,  judicious  governor  from  1752  to  1755. 
He  was  a  captain  in  the  Royal  Marine  service.  He 
was  of  the  family  of  Du  Quesne,  grand  admiral  of 
France  under  Louis  XIV.  He  erected  forts  in  the 
far  west  for  the  protection  of  the  country  and  his 
countrymen;  he  resisted  the  encroachments  of  the 
English  and  colonial  troops.  Robert  Dinwiddie, 
having  sent  George  Washington  to  interview  Le- 
gardieu  de  St.  Pierre,  the  French  commander,  a 
knight  of  the  military  order  of  St.  Louis,  immediately 
took  measures  to  protect  the  forks  of  the  Ohio  and 
the  Ohio  Company  which  had  commenced  to  build  a 
fort  at  Chartiers  Creek. 

The  history  of  the  Ohio  Company's  plans  have  been 
published  in  Gist's  Journal,  copied  from  the  Ohio 
Company's  papers. 


LOGSTOWN 

LOGSTOWN.  This  once  noted  Indian  and  French 
town  stood  on  the  first  and  second  bank  on  the  north 
side  of  the  Ohio  River,  immediately  below  the  present 
town  of  Economy,  eighteen  miles  from  Pittsburgh 
in  Beaver  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Logstown  Run,  a  small  stream,  and  the  bar  in  the 
river  perpetuate  the  name  and  locality.  This  town 
was  first  described  by  Conrad  Weiser  in  the  Journal 
of  his  visit  to  it  in  August,  1748.  Washington  and 
Gist  remained  here  five  days,  while  on  their  way  to 
Venango  and  Le  Boeuf  in  1753.  December  2d,  1758, 
the  Moravian  missionary  Christian  Frederick  Post 
arrived  there  and  found  it  deserted.  There  were 
forty  houses  all  built  by  the  French  and  occupied 
by  about  one  hundred  and  twenty  warriors.  The 
traders  stores  here  and  elsewhere  in  the  Ohio  Valley 
were  sacked  and  plundered  by  the  Indians  on  the 
outbreak  of  Pontiac's  War  in  1763.  On  the  plain 
a  short  distance  below,  the  army  under  General 
Wayne,  known  as  the  Legion  of  the  United  States, 
encamped  from  November  1792  to  the  30th  of  April, 
1793.  The  place  was  called  Legionville. 


CLAIMS  OF  VIRGINIA 

IT  is  well  known  what  were  the  original  motives 
of  the  first  visitors  to  America.  The  mines  of  Peru 
and  Mexico  had  excited  the  attention  of  Europe. 
All  the  lands  towards  the  South  were  believed  to  be 
repositories  of  the  precious  dust.  The  extent  of  the 
American  continent  was  not  known.  It  was  con 
sidered  a  sort  of  an  isthmus,  not  much  wider  per 
haps  than  the  Isthmus  of  Darien. 

In  the  year  1608,  the  Council  of  Virginia  con 
sidered  their  country  as  a  sort  of  isthmus  of  this  kind. 
They  fitted  up  in  England  for  Captain  Newport,  a 
barge  in  five  parts,  with  which  he  and  his  company 
were  instructed  to  go  up  James  River  as  far  as  pos 
sible  and  from  thence  they  were  to  proceed  carrying 
their  barge  beyond  the  Falls  to  convey  them  to  the 
South  Sea. 

They  were  ordered  not  to  return  without  a  lump 
of  gold  or  news  of  the  South  Sea.  The  governor 
of  Virginia  had  always  claimed  Pennsylvania  from 
the  mountains  to  the  Ohio  River.  It  was  Virginia 
that  sent  Major  Trent  and  Ward  to  build  a  fort 
at  the  junction  of  the  Ohio  and  Allegheny  rivers. 
George  Washington  was  sent  by  Virginia's  governor 

to  negotiate  with  the  French  and  Trent  was  sent 

10 


Claims  of  Virginia  11 

by  the  governor  to  treat  with  the  Indians  at  Logs- 
town.  A  treaty  was  held  between  the  government 
of  Virginia  and  the  United  Nations  of  Indians  on 
the  river  Ohio  in  the  year  1752,  under  the  manage 
ment  of  Joshua  Fry,  L.  Lomax  and  James  Patton 
as  commissioners  of  said  treaty  and  to  deliver  His 
Majesty's  present.  The  commissioners  were  met  on 
Thursday  the  28th  of  May  about  three  miles  from 
Shannopin's  Town  (Pittsburgh)  on  the  Ohio,  by 
seven  or  eight  of  the  Delaware  Indians  on  horse 
back.  When  they  came  near  all  dismounted  and  the 
Indians  having  filled  and  lighted  their  long  pipes  or 
calumets,  first  smoked  and  then  handed  them  to  the 
commissioners.  After  this  ceremony  had  been  re 
peated  two  or  three  times,  the  chiefs  made  a  short 
speech  of  welcome,  which  being  answered  they  all 
mounted  and  the  Indians  led  the  way.  About  two 
hundred  paces  from  the  town  they  halted,  the  In 
dians  going  on  to  join  their  own  people.  Then  they 
began  saluting  by  firing  their  pieces,  which  was  re 
turned  by  the  English.  This  was  repeated  two  or 
three  times. 

The  commissioners  then  proceeded  to  the  river 
bank  a  little  above  the  town,  where  they  pitched  their 
camp  and  set  up  the  King's  colours.  On  the  29th 
of  May,  the  council  was  held  at  Shannopin  Town. 
Present  with  the  commissioners  was  Mr.  Christopher 
Gist,  agent  of  the  Ohio  Company,  the  chiefs  of  the 
Delaware  Indians,  Shingis  and  King  Beaver,  and 
Mr.  Andrew  Montour,  interpreter.  Many  speeches 


12  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

and  promises  were  made  by  both  sides  and  a  treaty 
signed. 

At  the  town  of  Winchester,  September  16th,  1753, 
about  three  o'clock  P.  M.,  Mr.  Andrew  Montour,  the 
interpreter,  brought  intelligence  that  the  Indians 
were  on  their  march  about  four  miles  off.  Colonel 
George  William  Fairfax,  commanding  officer,  im 
mediately  assembled  fifty  of  the  militia  armed  with 
firelocks.  Whilst  they  were  preparing,  Lord  Fair 
fax  and  several  gentlemen  joined  the  commission  and 
agreed  to  walk  up  the  road  to  meet  the  Indians. 
About  six  o'clock  they  saw  them  coming  on  foot, 
their  firelocks  shouldered;  on  seeing  the  officers  they 
saluted.  The  commissioners  took  the  chiefs  by  the 
hand  and  they  proceeded  until  they  came  to  the  shell 
of  a  building  designed  for  a  church  and  introducing 
the  Indians  therein  they  all  settled  themselves.  The 
Indians  numbered  ninety-eight  men,  women  and 
children. 

Mr.  Montour  was  directed  to  tell  them  that  their 
brother  Assaraquoa  was  going  to  speak  to  them. 
Assaraquoa  signified  a  cutlass  or  sword.  The  name 
was  given  to  Lord  Howard,  governor  of  Virginia, 
upon  his  presenting  to  the  Indian  chiefs  one  of 
those  weapons  and  ever  since  it  is  the  name  they  use 
in  treating  with  the  governor  of  Virginia,  or  any 
other  that  treat  with  them  from  that  colony.  A 
string  of  wampum  was  presented  and  the  speech 
interpreted  and  explained  by  Mr.  Montour.  Mona- 
catoocha,  a  chief  of  the  Six  Nations  returned  an 


Claims  of  Virginia  13 

answer,  promising  that  they  would  acquaint  him  the 
next  morning  when  they  would  hear  him.  Then 
ordering  some  wine  and  rum  to  be  brought,  the 
gentlemen  present,  in  a  glass  of  wine,  drank  a  good 
health  to  the  Six  Nations  and  their  allies.  The 
Indians  in  a  glass  of  rum  drank  prosperity  to  their 
Father,  the  King  of  Great  Britain  and  the  English 
Nation,  and  upon  delivering  to  each  a  pipe  and  a 
twist  of  tobacco,  together  with  the  appearance  of  a 
good  supper  of  beef  preparing  for  them,  the  Indians 
seemed  pleased  with  their  welcome. 

The  next  meeting  was  in  the  court-house  at  Win 
chester,  llth  of  September,  1753.     Present: 

• 

The  Honorable  William  Fairfax,  Commissioner. 

The  Honorable  Thomas  Lord  Fairfax. 

Colonel  George  W.  Fairfax. 

Colonel  James  Wood. 

Major  John  Carlyle. 

Captain  William  Trent. 

Captain  Bryan  Martin. 

Captain  William  Gilpin. 

Mr.  George  Croghan. 

Sachems  or  Chiefs  of  the  Six  Nations: 
Monacatoocha  Juanetto. 
Chiefs  of  the  Delawares. 
King  Shingess — Beaver,  Pisquiten — George. 
Chiefs  of  the  Shawnese — Newchycomer. 
Chiefs  of  the  Wayondotte. 
Chiefs  of  the  Twigtwees. 


14  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

Speeches  were  made  denouncing  the  French  and 
protesting  against  the  occupation  of  the  Ohio  by 
them.  Belts  of  wampum  were  presented  at  the  end 
of  each  speech. 

Wampum  is  of  two  sorts — white  and  purple.  The 
white  is  worked  out  of  the  inside  of  the  conque 
shell,  into  the  form  of  a  bead,  perforated  to  string  on 
leather.  The  purple  is  worked  from  the  inside  of 
the  mussel  shell.  They  are  woven  as  broad  as  a 
man's  hand,  and  about  two  feet  long,  which  they 
call  belts,  and  give  and  receive  at  their  treaties  as 
the  seals  of  friendship.  For  less  important  affairs 
a  single  string  is  given ;  every  bead  is  of  known  value, 
and  they  are  current  money  among  the  Indians. 

The  last  meeting  was  held  on  the  17th  of  Septem 
ber,  when  they  received  a  present  of  arms,  ammuni 
tion  and  clothing.  In  their  speeches  the  proprietor 
of  Pennsylvania  was  called  Onas,  the  Indian  name 
for  Penn.  Onondio  was  a  name  given  the  Governor 
of  Canada ;  it  denotes  Excellency,  Chief  Commander. 
Tocarry-hogan,  the  proprietor  of  Maryland,  denotes 
Precedency,  Excellency.  Living  in  the  middle  or 
honourable  place  between  Assaraquoa  and  their 
brother  Onas. 


VIRGINIA'S   CLAIM   TO   WESTERN 
PENNSYLVANIA 

ORDER  by  His  Excellency,  John,  Earl  of  Dunmore, 
Lieutenant  and  Governor  General  in  and  over  His 
Majesty's  Colony  and  Dominion  of  Virginia  and  Vice 
Admiral  of  the  same. 

Whereas:  the  rapid  Settlement  made  on  the  west 
of  the  Allegheny  Mountains  by  his  Majesty's  Sub 
jects,  within  the  course  of  these  few  years  has  become 
an  object  of  real  concern  to  His  Majesty's  Interest 
in  this  quarter. 

And  whereas:  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania  has 
unduly  laid  claim  to  a  very  valuable  and  extensive 
Quantity  of  his  Majesty's  Territory  and  the  Execu 
tive  part  of  that  Government  in  consequence  thereof 
has  most  arbitrarily  and  unwarrantably  proceeded  to 
abuse  the  laudable  adventurer  in  this  part  of  His 
Majesty's  Dominion  by  many  oppressive  and  illegal 
methods  in  the  discharge  of  their  imaginary  authority. 

And  whereas:  the  ancient  claim  laid  to  this  Coun 
try  by  the  Colony  of  Virginia  founded  in  Reason 
upon  preoccupation  and  the  general  acquiesence  of 
all  lately  received  from  His  Majesty's  servants  order 
ing  me  to  take  this  Country  under  my  administration. 
And  as  the  evident  injustice  manifestly  offered  to 

15 


16  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

his  Majesty  in  the  immoderate  strides  taken  by  the 
Proprietaires  of  Pennsylvania  in  the  prosecution  of 
their  wild  claim  to  this  Country,  demand  an  im 
mediate  remedy.  I  do  hereby  in  his  Majesty's  name 
require  and  command  all  His  Majesty's  Subjects  by 
this  my  proclamation  strictly  prohibiting  the  execu 
tion  of  any  Act  of  Authority  on  behalf  of  the  Prov 
ince  of  Pennsylvania  at  their  peril,  in  this  Country. 
But  on  the  contrary  that  a  due  regard  and  entire 
obedience  to  the  laws  of  his  Majesty's  Colony  of 
Virginia  under  my  administration  be  obtained  to  the 
end  that  regularity  may  ensue,  and  a  just  regard  to 
the  interest  of  his  Majesty  in  this  Quarter  as  well  as 
to  his  subjects  in  general  may  be  the  consequence 
given  under  my  hand  and  seal  at  Fort  Dunmore  17th 
day  of  September  1774. 

DUNMORE  Commandent 
CONOLLY  Major 


TRENT'S  JOURNAL 

MB  WILLIAM  TRENT'S  account  of  his  proceedings 
with  the  Six  Nations  of  Indians  and  their  allies  and 
the  distribution  of  a  present  amongst  them. 

received  with  Governor  Dinwiddies 
Letter  17  November  1753 

To  the  Honble  Robert  Dinwiddie  Esq  Governor  and 
Commander  in  Chief  of  the  Colony  of  Virginia 

May  it  please  your  Honour 

In   pursuance   to   your   Instructions   to    proceed 
with  a  Present  of  Powder,  Lead,  Guns  etc  to  the 
Six  Nations  and  their  Allies:     An  account  of  that 
whole  Affair  I  beg  leave  to  lay  before  you,  which 
will  appear  in  the  following  sheets 
I  am  Ys  Hon8 
Most  dutiful  and  obedient  Servant 

WILLIAM  TRENT 
1753  July 

It  was  the  llth  of  July  before  I  reached  the  Logs 
Town  being  stopped  on  the  Road  by  great  Rains  and 
high  Waters. 

12th.     Passed  the  Day  in  conversing  with  the  Half 
King,  and  the  rest  of  the  Indians  and  enquiring 

17 


18  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

News,  they  told  me  I  might  expect  to  know  the  cer 
tainty  of  what  the  French  were  about  in  four  Days, 
for  they  expected  Scaruncate  with  the  rest  of  the 
Indians,  who  they  had  sent  to  the  French  Army  on 
Purpose  to  know  certainly  what  they  were  doing, 
would  be  back  in  that  Time  and  then  they  would  call 
all  their  People  together  and  hear  what  I  had  to  say 
to  them  and  receive  the  Present  I  brought. 
13th,  I  conversed  with  a  Cunnywago  Runner,  who 
came  from  the  French  Camp  here,  to  take  his  Re 
lations  away  to  the  French ;  he  says,  that  the  French 
Army  consists  of  twelve  hundred  Soldiers,  which  are 
already  arrived  in  the  Lakes  besides  Canoe  Men  and 
those  who  carry  Provisions  and  that  there  is  a  great 
many  more  coming:  that  they  have  built  a  strong 
Fort  and  laid  out  a  Town,  where  they  have  finished 
an  hundred  houses,  on  the  Side  of  Lake  Erie,  that 
eight  Pieces  of  Cannon  was  already  come,  and  that 
they  had  pitched  upon  another  Place  to  build  another 
Fort  and  Town,  and  that  there  was  another  Body 
of  French  coming  up  Mississippi  and  that  they  had 
built  two  Towns  down  the  River,  he  says  the  French 
say,  they  took  Possession  of  all  the  Lands  on  the  other 
side  Allegany  Hill  for  the  King  of  France,  three 
years  ago,  by  sinking  of  Iron  Plates  at  the  Mouth 
of  several  of  the  Creeks  and  puting  up  Tin  Plates 
on  the  Trees.  At  night  some  Indians  came  to  Town 
from  Vinango;  it  lies  sixty  Miles  from  this  Town, 
up  the  River,  they  informed  us,  that  the  Delawares 
had  chiefly  left  Vinango,  one  part  of  them  was  gone 


Trent's  Journal  19 


to  help  the  French  over  the  carrying  Place  and  most 
of  the  others  were  gone  over  to  Sasquehanna. 
14th.  I  dont  like  the  Behavior  of  the  Delawares, 
five  men  yesterday  set  off  for  War  against  the  South 
ward  Indians,  and  this  day  Shingess  King  of  the 
Delawars  came  to  Town  with  a  Party  of  Warriors 
going  down  the  River:  the  Half  King  and  myself 
sent  for  him,  and  told  him  that  it  was  not  right  for 
him  to  be  out  of  the  way  when  the  Canaywagoes 
came,  for  it  was  with  their  Nation  that  their  chief 
Business  was. 

The  Six  Nations  and  Shawnesse  called  a  Council 
and  sent  after  the  Warriors  that  went  away  the  Day 
before  and  «top'd  them,  as  well  as  those  that  came 
to  Day.  The  Half  King  told  me  the  Day  before, 
that  he  had  heard  that  the  Cunnywagos  were  coming 
to  Venango  to  make  the  Delawares  Satisfaction  for 
the  People  that  was  killed  by  them  in  the  Winter, 
and  as  the  chief  Man  of  the  Delawares  that  lived  at 
Venango  was  entirely  in  the  French  Interest;  we 
doubted  some  underhand  Dealings ;  so  the  Half  King 
and  myself  concluded  to  send  the  Connywago  Men 
that  was  come  to  Town  with  the  following  Invitation 
to  them 

Brothers  the  Cunnywagos. 

I  have  heard  that  you  are  coming  to  Venango  to 
make  the  Delawars  Satisfaction  for  their  people  you 
kill'd  this  last  Winter,  to  bury  the  Hatchet  and  re 
new  your  Friendship,  the  Fire  that  the  Delawares 


20  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

had  kindled — there  is  removed  down  to  the  Forks, 
near  the  Mouth  of  Monongahela  or  Theonderuga, 
where  their  King  and  the  Chief  of  their  head  men  is 
living,  that  was  the  proper  Place  for  you  to  have 
come,  but  as  I  am  come  to  Logs  Town,  to  hold  a 
Council  with  your  brothers  here,  this  is  the  place 
where  you  must  now  come,  and  I  now  in  behalf  of 
the  Governor  of  Virginia,  invite  you  here,  and  the 
Six  Nations  and  their  Allies  join  with  me  in  taking 
you  by  the  Hand,  to  bring  you  to  this  Place,  and  we 
assure  you  of  passing  backwards  and  forwards  in 
Safety  from  our  People;  to  make  you  strong  and 
take  fear  from  your  Hearts,  we  present  you  with  this 
String  of  Wampum.  Brothers.  Take  these  two 
twists  of  Tobacco  and  smoke  one  from  your  Brothers 
the  English,  the  other  from  the  Six  United  Nations 
and  their  Allies  and  while  you  are  smoking  think 
upon  what  we  have  said  to  you. 

16th.  The  Half  King  told  me  that  one  of  his  Peo 
ple  was  come  to  Town  from  the  French  Army  and 
that  he  informed  him,  that  he  heard  the  French 
General  say  that  he  was  coming  down  Ohio  to  take 
Possession  of  it,  that  he  would  call  at  the  Forks  and 
ask  the  English  what  they  were  doing  there,  and  bid 
them  go  off,  and  if  they  did  not  go  they  would  catch 
them  by  the  Hair  and  beat  them,  and  throw  them 
over  the  Hill;  he  was  now  coming  to  build  as  low 
as  the  Mouth  of  Beaver  Creek,  so  far  the  Sun 
shined,  but  from  there  downwards  it  was  all  dark 
ness;  that  one  Part  of  his  People  was  coming  down 


Trent's  Journal  21 


Scioto  and  up  Ohio  till  they  met,  and  they  should 
then  see  what  they  would  do.  Some  of  the  Dela- 
wares  were  present  when  the  Half  King  related  this ; 
when  he  had  done,  he  began  to  tell  what  a  deceitful 
People  the  French  were;  he  then  spoke  to  the  Dela- 
wares.  Now  Cousins  you  see  what  sort  of  People 
the  French  are,  put  no  belief  in  them,  their  words 
are  sweet  as  Honey,  but  they  dont  come  from  their 
Hearts,  only  from  lips;  the  French  say  they  have 
no  Hatchets  with  them;  but  it  is  all  one  to  us,  if 
we  are  killed,  whether  we  are  knocked  in  the  Head 
with  a  Hatchet  or  Poisoned  by  drinking  a  Dram. 
I  tell  you  a  glass  of  Liquor  is  a  Frenchman's 
Hatchet,  for  while  you  think  you  are  drinking  with 
your  Friend,  he  is  basely  poisoning  you:  the  way 
he  has  lately  served  several  of  us,  and  intended  to 
do  so  to  me,  but  I  know  them,  and  would  drink  none 
with  them 

17th.  Two  Frenchmen  arrived  at  Shanopins  from 
the  French  Army. 

18th.  The  Half  King  told  me,  the  French  in 
formed  him,  how  they  and  the  English  were  going 
to  divide  the  Land  between  them  and  that  there  was 
a  great  Silver  Mine,  and  several  Powder  Mines, 
which  they  now  were  going  to  take  possession  of,  and 
they  would  have  a  hard  Pull  by  the  Hair  with  the 
English,  but  they  would  have  them,  and  that  the 
Line  betwixt  the  English  and  French  was  to  run  on 
Allegany  Hill,  that  all  the  Waters  that  run  into 
Ohio  is  theirs.  I  asked  him;  if  we  were  going  to 


22  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

divide  them,  why  the  French  came  with  an  Army; 
besides  they  claim  as  far  as  the  Top  of  the  Hill, 
which  is  close  by  our  Settlements;  they  leave  no 
Land  to  make  a  division  of,  unless  we  divide  our 
Settlements  with  them,  which  you  may  depend  upon 
we  shall  not  do,  besides  there  is  no  such  Things  as 
Powder  Mines:  he  answered,  he  knew  very  well  the 
French  were  liars,  and  that  there  was  no  such  Things 
as  Powder  Mines ;  but  he  wanted  to  hear  what  answer 
I  would  make  to  it. 

21st.  The  Cunnywago  Men,  that  went  with  the  In 
vitation  from  us  to  his  People,  returned  here  about 
eleven  o'clock  at  night  from  Venango,  he  informed 
us,  that  their  People  had  consulted  with  Custaloga, 
a  Delaware  Man  there,  and  that  they  were  almost 
starved,  that  they  had  all  gone  back  to  the  French 
Army,  except  four,  and  they  did  not  care  to  come 
without  counciling  with  the  rest,  he  also  informed  us, 
that  Custaloga,  the  Delaware  Chief  as  soon  as  he  re 
ceived  the  Council,  went  away  to  help  the  French 
bring  their  Baggage  over  the  Carrying  Place:  he 
told  us  the  French  had  begun  another  Fort  and 
Town;  about  half  a  day's  journey  nigher  to  us  than 
the  first;  and  that  the  French  Interpreter  had  em 
ployed  the  Delawares  to  fitt  up  Mr.  Fraizer's  Houses 
at  Venango  for  him,  where  he  was  going  to  live;  he 
also  says  the  French  intend  to  build  a  Fort  at 
Venango;  as  soon  as  they  have  finished  that  at  Ven 
ango  they  intend  down  to  the  Forks  to  build  one 
there  and  one  at  the  Mouth  of  Beaver  Creek,  then 


Trent's  Journal  23 


they  are  to  go  down  the  River  till  they  meet  their 
Army,  that  is  gone  the  other  Way,  and  then  attack 
the  Shawnesse  and  Twightwees. 

25th.  A  Party  of  Indians  that  were  hunting  see  a 
Party  of  Ottawas,  about  ten  Miles  from  the  Town, 
when  the  Delawares  heard  it,  they  said,  what  need 
they  care,  had  not  the  French  sent  them  Wampum, 
and  it  was  all  white. 

27th.  The  Frenchmans  wife  and  some  Indian  chil 
dren  that  slept  in  the  House  informed  us,  that  the 
night  before,  four  strange  Indians  came  there  about 
Midnight,  and  went  away  before  Day,  we  watched 
all  the  next  Night  expecting  they  might  come  again, 
but  they  weYit  off,  we  suppose  with  the  news  they 
got  the  night  before.  One  of  the  Six  Nations,  that 
had  been  sent  to  the  French  Army,  came  to  Town, 
he  says  the  rest  of  them  will  be  down  in  five  nights, 
some  of  them  being  taken  sick  delayed  them. 
August  4th.  Eight  Ottawas  and  Chipewas  arrived 
here  in  two  Canoes,  going  to  War  against  the  South 
ward  Indians ;  they  are  Part  of  them  that  came  over 
to  the  Six  Nations  by  their  own  account.  Though 
we  suspect  they  are  sent  here  by  the  French  to  do 
Mischief  to  the  White  People.  The  Half  King 
talked  very  sharply  to  them  and  charged  them 
to  take  care  they  did  no  Mischief  to  the  white  Peo 
ple. 

Mr.  Montour's  Brother  came  to  Town,  he  says  the 
French  will  be  down  as  soon  as  the  river  rises,  he 
talks  greatly  of  their  Numbers.  I  could  perceive  by 


24  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

his  Discourse  that  he  is  a  Frenchman  in  his  Heart. 
I  inquired  of  him  about  the  Welch  Indians,  but  he 
either  could  not,  or  would  not  give  any  satisfactory 
account  of  them;  he  says  that  there  is  a  Nation  of 
white  People  that  live  due  West  from  here  a  little 
way  from  the  Sea  Side,  who  Plow  their  Land  as  the 
white  People  do,  and  that  the  Governor  of  Canada 
had  once  sent  an  hundred  Frenchmen  to  make  a  Dis 
covery  of  them,  but  that  they  either  killed  them  all, 
or  else  they  perished  in  the  Wood. 
5th.  Arrived  here  one  more  of  the  Six  Nations  that 
went  to  the  French  Army,  to  see  what  they  were 
doing;  and  one  of  the  Head  Men  of  the  Cunnywago 
Nation;  he  told  us  that  when  the  Wampum  came, 
that  I  sent  in  behalf  of  the  English  and  Six  Nations 
and  their  Allies,  that  they  councilled  upon  it,  and 
they  agreed  that  some  should  come  down;  but  the 
French  would  not  suffer  them  to  come,  for  fear  they 
should  come  off  to  the  English.  For  some  Time 
past  they  have  been  contriving  to  come  off  to  the 
English  and  the  French  know  it.  I  inquired  of  him 
what  became  of  Mr.  Croghan's  People  and  mine 
that  were  taken  by  the  Cunnywagoes,  he  said,  he  be 
lieved  the  French  had  taken  them  Home.  He  told 
me  that  the  French  were  to  blame  for  our  People 
being  taken,  for  it  was  by  Order  of  the  French 
Officers,  he  says  he  is  sure  of  it,  when  he  went  last 
to  war,  the  Commander  of  De  Troit  Fort,  bid  him 
kill  the  people  of  Virginia  Carolina  and  Pensylvania, 
for  he  wanted  to  pick  a  Quarrel  with  them. 


Trent's  Journal  25 

Some  White  Men  came  here  from  the  Lower 
Shawnese  Town,  they  say  the  Ottaways  have  killed 
one  of  the  Shawnese  and  that  a  Party  of  the  Wyan- 
dotts  came  into  the  Lower  Shawnese  Town  and  took 
out  two  of  the  Cherokees  that  came  there  to  Council. 
The  Shawnese  tried  to  get  them  delivered  back,  but 
they  would  not  be  prevailed  on.  The  Shawnese  then 
thought  to  take  them  by  Force,  but  as  both  sides  were 
preparing  to  fight,  a  Party  of  Wyandotts  that  lay 
a  distance  from  the  Town,  that  the  Shawnese  knew 
nothing  of  came  up,  and  the  Shawnese  were  obliged 
to  desist  and  let  the  Wyandots  carry  them  off. 
7th.  Scaruneate  with  the  rest  of  the  Six  nations 
that  went  to  the  French  army  returned,  the  enemy 
were  discovered  near  the  Town,  we  pursued  them 
upon  their  Tracts  three  miles  to  a  stony  Hill  and 
there  lost  the  Tracts;  the  Enemy  were  seen  again 
this  Evening.  Word  was  sent  to  the  Delawares  to 
go  out  after  them,  as  we  knew  they  would  make  off 
since  they  were  discovered.  At  Night  we  went  to 
the  Half  Kings.  Scaruneate  told  us  that  the  French 
had  finished  one  fort,  and  built  an  hundred  houses 
in  the  Town  and  that  they  had  begun  another  Fort 
and  Town  on  a  little  lake  about  three  or  four  hun 
dred  yards  wide  and  about  the  same  distance  from 
the  French  Creek.  The  Fort  stands  between  the 
Lake  and  the  Creek,  and  that  they  were  diging  a 
Canal  to  let  the  Lake  into  the  Creek,  that  by  raising 
a  Gate,  they  might  come  down  with  their  canoes  at 
any  time.  They  conversed  with  the  Commander  of 


26  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

the  Fort.  He  told  them  that  the  Commander  of  the 
Forces  was  a  great  Man,  almost  equal  to  the  King; 
that  they  were  coming  to  take  Possession  of  all  the 
Land  on  that  side  Allegany  Hill,  and  to  drive  the 
English  over  the  Hill,  he  told  them,  that  they  had 
set  bounds  for  the  English  a  long  Time  ago,  and 
that  they  were  angry  to  hear  they  were  settling  on 
Monongehela,  that  he  was  ordered  to  take  care  of  his 
children  and  to  have  stores  of  Powder  and  Lead  and 
Guns  for  their  use  at  each  Fort  they  built.  He  told 
them  their  Army  when  together  consisted  of  ten 
thousand  Men.  Scaruneate  told  me  that  there  was 
but  eight  hundred  men  yet  arrived,  that  were  daily 
employed,  Sunday  not  excepted,  in  clearing  the  Road 
between  the  two  Forts  to  make  it  fit  for  Carriages 
to  go,  and  that  one  Party  was  constantly  employed 
in  carrying  the  Baggage  over  the  Carrying  Place 
and  another  Party  went  towards  Niagara  till  they 
met  the  Party  that  escorted  the  Provisions,  that  came 
with  the  Canoes  were  met,  they  returned  and  left 
the  Canoes  under  the  Care  of  the  Party  that  met 
them,  he  says  that  they  have  only  eight  Pieces  of 
Cannon  yet  arrived;  but  that  they  expected  a  great 
many  more,  the  rest  that  was  coming.  He  says  that 
the  Men  are  almost  dead  with  hard  work,  that  an 
hundred  brisk  young  men  would  kill  a  thousand  of 
them,  that  they  have  a  large  quantity  of  Goods  with 
them;  that  the  Fort  on  the  big  Lake  is  very  strong 
of  hued  Timber  about  six  Foot  apart  filled  in  be 
tween  with  Dirt  with  four  Bastions  and  a  Ditch,  it 


Trent's  Journal  27 


stands  close  upon  the  edge  of  the  Lake,  upon  a  ris 
ing  piece  of  ground.  The  bank  of  the  Lake  is  very 
high  and  soft  mould.  The  other  Fort  is  only  a 
Pallisadoed  Fort  and  the  Town  is  to  be  Pallisaded 
8th.  Mr.  Burney  arrived  here  at  Night,  with  Direc 
tions  in  writing  from  Mr.  Gist,  to  invite  some  par 
ticular  Indians  to  the  Treaty. 

9th.  The  Shawnese  arrived  here  from  the  Lower 
Town  and  the  Mouth  of  big  Connaway.  We  met 
them  a  little  way  from  the  Town,  welcomed  them  and 
wiped  away  their  tears,  for  their  People  that  was 
killed  by  the  French  Indians. 

10th.  The  Indians  gathered  and  sent  me  Word  they 
were  ready  to  hear  what  I  had  to  say  to  them 

Present 

mu  TT  i*  TT~  The  two  Chiefs  of  the  Six  Nations 
The  Half  King  __r 

_  with  a  great  many  Warriors  and 

Scaruneate  .,  »  .,  XT  . . 

others  ot  the  same  Nation 

Singess  King  of  the  Delawars  With  many  others  of 
The  Beaver  the  same  Nation 

Nucheconner  King  of  the  Shawnese  With  many 
The  Young  King  others  of  the 

same  Nation 

The  Wyandotte  Chief  With    several    others 

The  Young  Twigtwee  King  the  deputies  of  the 
The  Turtle  several  Tribes  of  the 

Twightwees 


28  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

Sachems  and  Warriors  of  the  Six  United  Nations, 
Delawars,  Shawnese,  Wyandotts  and  Twightwees 
our  Friends  and  Brethern, 

His  Honour  the  Governor  of  Virginia  has  sent  me 
here  to  speak  to  you  in  his  Name,  which  I  shall  do 
in  the  same  Manner  as  he  would  have  done  were  he 
here  present 

Friends  and  Brethern. 

I  am  come  here  to  brighten  the  Chain  of  Friend 
ship  so  long  subsisting  betwixt  us,  and  to  assure  you 
I  will  build  a  Trading  House  on  that  Piece  of 
Ground  which  you  appointed  the  Commissioners  last 
Spring;  which  House  shall  serve  as  a  Nursery  for 
you  and  at  the  same  Time  be  a  Place  of  Defence 
where  you  may  defend  yourselves  from  your  Enemies 
and  Shelter  your  Women  and  Children  in  Time  of 
Danger.  To  confirm  what  I  have  said  and  to  shew 
the  goodwill  I  bear  you,  I  present  you  with  this 
String  of  Wampum. 

Brethern  Captain  Trent  from  Ohio  informed  me  of 
the  March  of  a  French  Army  to  attack  you;  which 
news  I  have  confirmed  both  from  Onondago,  New 
York  and  Pennsylvania,  he  also  informed  me,  that 
you  called  a  Council  of  your  wise  Men,  at  George 
Croghans  House  where  you  concluded  to  send  a  Mes 
sage  to  your  Brethern  the  English,  to  acquaint  them 
that  you  were  not  able  to  defend  yourselves  without 
their  Assistance.  Captain  Trent  delivered  your  mes 
sage  to  me,  desiring  me  to  send  you  some  Powder, 


Trent's  Journal  29 


Lead,  Guns  etc.  Things  suitable  for  your  Warriors. 
You  then  also  expressed  your  resentment  of  the  ill 
usage  of  the  French,  both  towards  yourselves  and 
us.  To  be  so  ill  used  in  your  own  Country!  What 
is  the  heroick  Spirit  of  your  Ancestors  lost?  Will 
the  Six  Nations,  who  were  formerly  a  Terror  to  the 
French  suffer  themselves  to  become  their  Slaves?  I 
desire  you  not  to  let  them  build  any  strong  House 
in  your  Country,  for  they  make  a  bad  use  of  them. 
As  soon  as  they  get  three  or  four  built,  they  will  then 
tell  you;  you  must  do  as  they  would  have  you,  and 
the  Six  Nations  will  then  cease  to  be  a  People,  it  is 
much  easier  to  keep  them  from  building  any  than  to 
drive  them  away  afterwards  Brethern  As  soon  as 
I  received  your  Message  I  sent  you  a  Quantity  of 
Powder,  Lead,  Guns  etc,  such  Things  as  I  thought 
most  proper  for  your  Defence  at  this  Time,  and  as 
soon  as  I  have  erected  a  Trading  House  on  Ohio, 
I  will  always  keep  in  it  a  Quantity  of  Warlike  Stores, 
that  I  may  always  be  ready  to  supply  you  upon  any 
Emergency. 

To  assure  you  of  the  Goodwill  of  this  Government 
to  confirm  what  I  have  said  and  that  this  speech 
may  have  its  full  force  upon  your  Minds,  I  present 
you  with  this  Belt  of  Wampum. 

Friends  and  Brethern. 

It  is  now  just  Eighty  One  years  since  the  French 
persuaded  you  to  let  them  build  a  Store  for  Mer 
chandize  on  Cadaracui  Lake;  it  was  only  twelve 


30  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

years  after  they  had  got  it  built,  before  Monsieur 
de  la  Barrie,  the  Governor  of  Canada  came  with 
seventeen  hundred  men  to  knock  you  all  of  the  Head, 
but  his  Men  all  got  sick  and  so  was  obliged  to  go 
home  without  doing  anything  against  you.  Three 
years  afterwards  Monsieur  De  Nonville,  who  suc 
ceeded  M.  de  la  Barrie  in  the  Government,  came  to 
Cadaracui  with  two  thousand  soldiers  and  Indians. 
He  surprised  and  took  two  Towns  of  the  Five  Na 
tions,  that  lived  about  twenty-four  Miles  from 
Cadaracui  Fort,  these  people  settled  there  at  the  In 
vitation  of  the  French,  yet  they  were  carried  to  the 
Fort,  and  given  by  the  French  to  their  Indians  who 
burnt  them.  After  this  they  marched  to  the  chief 
Town  of  the  Senekas;  the  Senekas  attacked  them 
and  killed  a  hundred  Frenchmen  and  ten  French 
Indians.  The  next  day  they  went  to  the  Town  to 
burn  it,  but  the  Senekas  saved  them  the  trouble; 
they  found  two  old  men  of  the  Senekas  there  who 
they  cut  up  and  boiled,  and  the  French  Indians  eat. 
The  French  men  were  so  frightened  at  the  attack 
the  Senekas  made  on  them  the  day  before,  that  they 
went  Home  as  fast  as  they  could ;  then  as  your  People 
were  going  to  Canada,  at  the  Invitation  of  the 
French  to  make  peace;  the  French  sent  a  Party  of 
their  People  who  killed  and  took  all  the  Ambassadors 
of  the  six  Nations  that  were  going  to  make  peace. 
The  Chief  Men  were  Onondagas  Oneydoes.  This 
piece  of  Treachery  of  the  French  renewed  the  War 
and  the  Six  nations  killed  a  thousand  French  Men 


Trent's  Journal  31 


at  one  time  besides  Prisoners,  and  ruined  all  the 
French  Country  and  they  were  obliged  to  desert 
Cadaracui  Fort  The  next  year  Count  De  Fonte- 
nac  came  over  Governor,  he  brought  back  all  the 
Prisoners  of  the  Six  Nations  that  the  French  had 
sent  to  old  France  and  made  Slaves  of. 

Three  years  after  this  they  made  War  with  the 
Six  Nations  and  they  sent  two  of  them  that  they  had 
took  at  La  Prairie  to  the  Ottawas  who  burn  them. 
The  Winter  following  the  French  surprised  eighty 
of  the  Six  Nations  hunting  between  Cataracui  Lake 
and  Lake  Erie,  a  good  many  of  which  they  killed. 
I  need  not  tell  you  how  at  Montreal,  this  year  they 
burnt  one  of- your  men  that  was  taken  Prisoner,  and 
the  other  that  was  with  him  killed  himself  for  Fear. 
I  need  not  tell  you  how  that  next  January  will  be 
sixty  years  since  the  French  surprised  three  Mo 
hawks  Castles  and  killed  and  took  two  or  three  hun 
dred  prisoners  and  how  they  burnt  one  of  your  peo 
ple  at  Cadaracui,  and  gave  him  to  the  Ottawas  to 
eat.  I  make  no  doubt  you  remember  or  at  least, 
have  heard  your  old  men  say.  How  the  French  took 
Possession  of  Cadaracui  Fort  again  that  as  soon  as 
they  had  fortified  it  how  the  Governor  of  Canada 
came  there  with  a  large  Army;  how  he  destroyed 
the  Onondagoes  corn  and  took  one  of  the  Old  men 
and  gave  him  to  the  French  Indians  to  eat,  and  how 
one  of  the  Jesuits  persuaded  thirty-five  Cajugas  to 
stay  all  of  whom  the  French  made  Prisoners.  I 
could  also  put  you  in  mind  when  and  where  they 


32  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

have  at  several  Times  since  killed  your  people.  The 
Shawnese  know,  and  we  all  here,  even  the  Children 
can  remember,  how  they  persuaded  them  to  leave  us 
and  how  they  used  them.  We  know  how  last  year 
they  killed  of  us  all  when  they  attacked  the  Twight- 
wees  Town  and  how  they  eat  their  King  This  year 
your  Cousins  the  Delawars  have  had  a  Fast;  the 
Blood  is  yet  smoking,  I  can  smell  it  strong,  I  tell 
this  to  you  Old  Men  of  the  Six  Nations  to  put  you 
in  mind  what  sort  of  People  they  are  and  to  these 
others  that  are  not  so  well  acquainted  with  them  that 
they  may  know  them,  I  call  you  Old  Men  of  the 
Six  Nations,  to  know  whether  it  is  not  true  what  I 
have  said,  is  it  not  true?  And  I  expect  each  Na 
tion  will  open  their  Hearts  and  Minds,  and  tell  me 
what  you  intend  to  do.  Whether  you  intend  to  let 
the  French  finish  their  Forts  and  take  your  whole 
Country  away  from  you  and  make  Slaves  of  you 
all;  or  whether  you  intend  to  drive  them  off,  In  Ex 
pectation  that  you  will  open  your  Hearts  and  tell 
me  Truth,  I  present  you  with  this  String  of 
Wampum. 

Friends  and  Bret  hern 

I  recommend  it  to  you  to  make  a  Peace  with  all  the 
Southward  Indians,  the  Cherokees,  the  Creeks  and 
Chickaswas.  The  Cawatawas  you  are  already  at 
Peace  with.  I  will  use  my  Endeavor  to  bring  it 
about  if  you  desire  it.  I  also  desire  you  to  make 
up  the  Difference  between  the  Wyandotts  and 


Trent's  Journal  33 


Cherokees;  and  any  Difference  that  may  be  betwixt 
any  others  of  the  People  that  is  in  Alliance  with  you 
and  the  Southward  Indians.  As  Union  will  make 
you  strong  and  formidable  So  will  a  Division  make 
you  weak  and  despicable.  When  the  French  find 
you  are  united  they  durst  not  attack  you.  It's  their 
interest  to  keep  you  at  War  with  one  another,  for 
they  say  it  is  all  one  which  is  killed,  they  loose  an 
enemy,  you  may  now  see  it.  The  French  durst 
never  offer  to  build  a  Strong  House  in  your  Country 
without  your  Consent,  were  it  not  that  they  think 
there  is  so  wide  a  Breach  betwixt  you  and  the  South 
ward  Indians,  that  you  cannot  bring  them  to  your 
assistance,  but  it  is  not  too  late,  a  Peace  may  yet 
be  brought  about  if  you  desire  it.  I  also  recommend 
it  to  you,  to  keep  your  People  from  geting  Drunk, 
and  to  keep  out  Spies,  to  keep  the  Enemy  from  sur 
prizing  you.  There  is  one  thing  more  I  have  to 
tell  you.  The  Cunnywagoes  kill  both  the  Praying 
Indians,  Cherokees,  Catawabas  and  the  English  and 
when  they  have  done,  they  say  they  are  the  Six  Na 
tions;  this  the  French  tells  them  to  do  on  purpose, 
to  make  a  War  betwixt  you  the  Catwabas  and 
Cherokees  and  make  the  English  angry  with  you 

I  thought  proper  to  tell  you  this,  that  you  may 
endeavor  to  prevent  it.  To  enforce  what  I  have  said 
I  present  you  with  this  String  of  Wampum 

Friends  and  Brethern 
The  Governor  of  Virginia  sent  Mr  Gist  to  invite 


34  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

you  down  to  Winchester,  but  as  he  was  prevented  by 
Business,  he  sent  the  Bearer  Mr.  Burey  to  desire 
that  the  Half  King  Scaruncate,  Shingiss  King  of  the 
Delawars  and  the  Wyandott  Chief  may  attend  the 
Twigtwees  down  to  Winchester;  at  which  place  he, 
or  one  of  his  Council  will  meet  you  where  he  has 
provided  a  small  present  for  the  Twightwees  and  de 
sires  you  may  be  there  by  the  twentieth  of  this  month ; 
and  I  now  take  you  by  the  Hand  with  this  string 
of  Wampum,  to  lead  you  down  to  the  Place 
appointed 

Gave  the  String 

After  the  Council  was  over,  the  Six  Nations  in 
formed  me  that  they  were  going  to  send  to  gather 
all  their  People,  that  they  might  be  in  one  Body  and 
they  asked  my  Opinion  about  the  French  what  their 
Intentions  were.  I  answered  that  my  Opinion  was, 
that  they  would  oblige  the  Indians  to  do  everything 
they  bid  them  and  that  they  would  become  Slaves  to 
the  French,  as  our  Negroes  were  to  us  if  they  suf 
fered  them  to  build  their  Forts  as  they  intended,  for 
I  was  sure  it  was  their  Intention  to  make  Slaves 
of  them,  and  make  themselves  Masters  of  the  Land, 
then  I  went  up  to  the  Half  Kings,  where  the  Chiefs 
of  the  Indians  were  gathered,  they  told  me  they 
would  go  and  warn  the  French  off  their  Land  while 
some  come  down  to  hear  what  the  Governor  had  to 
say  to  them,  and  that  since  the  Delawars  had  been 
under-hand  consulting  with  the  French  that  some  of 


Trent's  Journal  35 


them  should  go  with  them  when  they  went  to  warn 
them  off.  Then  the  Half  King  got  up  and  spoke. 
Now  let  our  Women  hold  their  Tongues  they  must 
not  concern  themselves  about  our  Business  for  we  are 
now  Warriors. 

Then  Scaruncate  informed  us  that  when  he  with 
the  rest  of  the  Deputies  sent  to  the  Ohio  Indians  ar 
rived  at  the  French  Town,  which  they  had  quite  built 
on  Lake  Erie,  they  let  the  French  Commander  know 
that  they  came  there  to  know  the  truth  of  his  Heart, 
what  he  came  about  and  what  he  intended  to  do,  for 
they  heard  that  he  was  coming  with  an  army  to  de 
stroy  them  and  that  their  Women  and  Children  were 
afraid  to  go  abroad  for  fear  of  them  and  their  Men 
kept  from  Hunting,  watching  their  Women  and 
Children 

The  French  Commander  answered  upon  four 
Strings  of  black  and  White  Wampum 

Children 

It  is  true  that  I  am  coming  with  a  great  many 
Men,  but  it  is  not  my  Fault,  it  is  the  King  of  France's 
Orders  and  I  must  obey  them.  I  am  coming  to  take 
Possession  of  all  this  Land,  and  to  take  care  of  my 
Children  living  here;  but  why  do  you  tax  me  with 
such  Discourse  as  you  did  a  while  ago?  What  do 
you  think  I  have  a  Hatchet  under  my  arm?  No  if 
I  had  I  should  not  hide  it,  but  would  carry  it  out 
at  arms  Length.  You  know  my  Children  I  conquer 
all  and  have  conquered  all,  so  strong  as  I  am  con 
quering,  so  strong  will  I  be  in  doing  Good;  and  so 


36  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

strong  as  I  am  doing  Good,  so  strong  will  I  be  in 
Whipping  my  children  if  any  thing  disturbs  me 

The  Deputies  of  the  Six  Nations  speak 

We  thank  you  Father  that  you  are  come  upon  no 
bad  Design,  we  take  you  by  the  Arm  to  draw  you 
down  to  talk  to  our  Brothers  the  English  and  say 
what  you  have  to  say  to  them.  Leave  your  Servants 
at  Home  and  let  them  do  what  you  have  to  do,  and 
twenty  of  our  young  men  shall  be  a  Guard  till  you 
return  back 

The  French  Commander  answered  upon  four 
Strings  of  Black  and  white  Wampum 
Oh!  my  Children  hear  what  I  have  to  say  to  you. 
I  am  very  heavy,  were  there  a  great  Army  they 
would  not  be  able  to  take  me  along,  no  were  they 
Devils  or  Masters  of  Devils,  they  could  not  take  me 
along.  The  French  Commanders  Speech  upon  a 
large  white  Belt  13  rows  deep  with  four  Towns  and 
Forts  worked  in  it  with  black  Wampum 
Children.  You  tell  me  your  Women  and  Children 
are  afraid  of  us,  and  that  your  Warriors  cannot  be 
at  Peace  in  their  Minds  on  our  Account.  I  now 
tell  you  what  I  am  coming  about,  and  be  at  Peace 
in  your  Minds  This  I  send  to  all  the  Heads  of  the 
Indian  Nations.  I  am  coming  along  and  if  your 
Brethern  the  English  are  ever  so  thick  in  the  Way, 
they  shall  not  stop  me.  I  will  go  through  the  Mid 
dle  of  them  and  I  will  build  my  Forts  and  Towns 
just  below  them. 


Trent's  Journal  37 


The  Deputies  of  the  Six  Nations,   interrupting 
him  spoke.     Fathers  We  want  to  know  what  Place 
you  pitch  upon  to  build  your  Forts  and  Towns. 
He  Answered 

I  dont  know  that  country.  I  shall  stand  and  look 
about  me,  and  whatever  Place  I  like  there  will  I 
build  my  Forts  and  Towns  According  to  the  King 
of  France's  Orders,  and  here  I  give  you  this  Belt, 
which  is  my  Words  to  take  along  with  you — Gave 
the  Belt  12th  The  Half  King  in  behalf  of  the  Six 
Nations  and  their  Allies  spoke  upon  two  Strings 
Wampum.  Brothers  We  have  desired  the  Bearer 
Thomas  Burney  your  Messenger,  to  be  a  Messenger 
to  go  before  us,  to  acquaint  you  that  we  have  a  little 
Business,  which  we  are  now  setting  in  Council  on, 
to  finish,  which  we  shall  despatch  as  quick  as  possi 
ble,  and  then  we  shall  set  off  to  meet  you,  and  we 
desire  that  the  Governor  himself  would  meet  us  at 
the  Place  appointed.  All  nations  are  here  gathered 
together  and  we  have  concluded  that  the  Half  King 
shall  go  and  warn  the  French  off  our  Land,  and  what 
ever  Speeches  may  be  made  by  the  Governor  may 
be  sent  in  writing,  as  well  as  what  is  delivered  by 
Word  of  Mouth  to  our  People  that  go  down,  to  en 
force  this  Speech,  I  send  these  Strings  of  Wampum 
14th  Mr.  Gist  arrived  here  in  the  Evening 
15th  I  acquainted  the  Indians  that  Mr.  Gist  was  the 
Person  that  the  Governor  had  sent  to  invite  them 
down,  and  he  shewed  them  the  Governors  Instruc 
tions  We  thought  it  would  be  proper  for  him  to 


38  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

go  down  and  acquaint  the  Governor  with  the  News 
here,  and  as  I  was  obliged  to  stay  for  Answer  that 
I  should  come  down  with  them 
16th  At  Night,  a  Mohawk  Indian,  called  the  Fidler 
arrived  here  from  Venango,  he  informed  me  that 
a  Party  of  French  Soldiers,  consisting  of  seventy 
five  men,  commanded  by  a  Captain  and  one  Nevir- 
ville  a  French  officer,  that  lived  all  last  Winter 
in  the  Logs  Town,  came  there  and  took  one 
John  Trotter  a  Pennsylvania  Trader  and  his  Man 
Prisoner  with  all  his  Goods  and  Horses  and  had 
them  tied,  and  that  they  pursued  Mr  Fraizer 
and  another  Trader's  man  eight  miles  down  the 
River,  but  could  not  overtake  them.  He  says  they 
have  taken  Possession  of  Venango,  and  that  they 
are  fitting  up  Mr  Frazier's  houses,  which  he  was 
obliged  to  leave  for  fear  of  them,  he  also  says 
that  eight  days  ago  he  was  at  the  Town  on  Lake  Erie 
and  that  forty  large  Canoes  arrived  there  with  Pro 
visions,  that  they  brought  five  Pieces  of  Cannon  over 
the  carrying  Place  to  the  Fort  they  have  built  be 
tween  the  Little  Lake  and  the  French  Creek,  he  also 
says,  that  they  have  sent  for  all  the  Connywagoes, 
and  that  a  great  Body  of  Indians  are  gathered  at 
Niagara,  who  are  to  go  immediately  on  an  Expedi 
tion  towards  the  Southward,  which  suppose  is  against 
our  Indians 

17th  The  next  Morning  the  Frenchman  that  lives 
in  the  Logstown  came  to  me  and  informed  me  that 
he  had  received  a  letter  from  Monsieur  Neverville 


Trent's  Journal  39 


dated  at  Vinango,  by  the  Fiddler  wherein  he  in 
formed  him,  that  he  came  there  with  a  detachment 
of  Soldiers  from  the  Little  Lake  town  and  that  they 
had  taken  an  English  Trader  and  his  man,  with  all 
their  Goods  and  Horses.  I  asked  him  how  they  durst 
take  the  Subjects  of  Great  Britain  in  time  of  Peace. 
He  answered  me,  it  was  because  they  traded  on  the 
Land  belonging  to  the  King  of  France.  I  am 
obliged  to  wait  here  till  the  Shawnese  finish  their 
Dance,  which  is  likely  to  hold  these  five  or  six  days. 
They  seem  to  think  of  Nothing  else  but  their  danc 
ing.  Mr  Frazier  sent  me  a  Deserter  from  the 
French  Army  which  his  Man  had  found  on  the  Road. 
He  says  their  Army  consists  of  800  Soldiers  and 
1600  Militia.  I  believe  he  is  a  great  Liar. 
20th  Mr  Montour  came  to  Town 
22nd  There  came  some  Wyohdotts  from  Tussca- 
rawas,  they  see  some  French  Indians  on  the  Road 
hunting  for  white  men 

23rd  The  Delawars  and  Shawnese  by  two  Strings 
of  Wampum,  told  the  Six  Nations  that  they  looked 
upon  them  as  their  Rulers  and  that  they  were  ready 
to  strike  the  French  whenever  they  bid  them.  Then 
the  Delawars  gave  the  Six  Nations  a  String  of  Wam 
pum,  a  great  part  of  which  was  Black 
Uncles  Be  Strong  very  strong,  and  let  us  do  what 
we  have  agreed  on. 

24th  The  Half  King  and  Scaruncate  told  me  that 
they  had  come  to  a  Resolution  to  warn  the  French 
off  their  Land,  and  if  they  did  not  go  they  would 


40  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

fall  upon  them.  They  told  me  they  should  give  me 
no  other  Answer  then,  as  the  Governor  had  sent  for 
them  down  they  would  answer  everything  there. 
They  then  told  me  next  day  they  would  sett  off. 
One  Party  to  warn  the  French  off  their  Lands,  the 
other  to  meet  the  Governor ;  and  desired  that  I  would 
go  before  and  acquaint  the  Governor  that  they  were 
comeing.  Mr  Montour  promises  to  come  down  with 
them 

September  4th  I  arrived  at  Winchester 
14th  In  the  Evening  they  acknowledged  the  receiv 
ing  the  Present  of  Powder,  Lead,  Guns  and  Blan 
kets  which  I  carried  out  and  returned  the  Govern 
ment  Thanks  for  them.  When  I  delivered  the  Pres 
ent  I  laid  by  themselves  about  one  fourth  of  the 
Powder  and  Lead  and  one  fifth  of  the  other  things, 
which  I  gave  the  Twightwees.  The  Remainder  I 
laid  in  another  Heap,  which  the  Six  Nations  devided 
among  themselves  Shawness,  Delawars  and  Wyon- 
dotts,  each  Nation  taking  away  their  own  Share 

WILLIAM  TRENT, 
(A  True  Copy) 


E.  WARD'S  DEPOSITION     1756 

Copied  from  the  Original  by  W.  M.  Darlington 
in  Cumberland  County 

THE  Thirtieth  Day  of  June  in  the  year  of  Our 
Lord,  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  fifty  six. 

Before  me  Samuel  Smith  Esq,  one  of  his  Majes 
ties  Justices,  Edward  Ward  of  the  said  County  Gent. 
And  upon  his  solemn  oath  did  depose  and  declare, 
that  he  this  Deponent  was  Ensign  of  a  Company  of 
Militia  under  the  Command  of  Captain  William 
Trent  in  the  Pay  of  the  Government  of  Virginia 
That  at  the  Time  said  Captain  Trent  received  the 
Governor  of  Virginias  Orders,  he  was  at  Redstone 
Creek  about  thirty  seven  miles  from  where  Fort 
DuQuesne  is  now  built  and  was  erecting  a  Stone 
House  for  the  Ohio  Company.  That  when  said 
Trent  received  the  Governors  Instructions  to  raise  a 
Company  he  despatched  Messengers  to  several  parts 
of  the  Country  where  the  Indian  Traders  lived,  there 
being  no  other  Inhabitants  in  that  part  of  the  Coun 
try  except  four  or  five  Families  who  had  lately  set 
tled  there  and  were  upwards  of  Sixty  Miles  from 
the  inhabited  Part  of  the  Country  That  one  of  said 
Messengers,  employed  by  Captain  Trent  came  to  the 

41 


42  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

place  where  this  Deponent  was  and  informed  him  of 
said  Trent  having  received  such  Instructions  and 
upon  the  Half  King  and  Monacatoochas  receiving 
advice  that  said  Trent  had  orders  to  raise  a  Company 
of  men,  they  sent  him  a  Message  to  come  immediately 
and  build  a  Fort  at  the  Forks  of  the  Monongahela 
and  Ohio  and  that  they  would  assist  him  as  soon  as 
they  could  gather  the  People.  On  receiving  such 
Message  said  Trent  got  Rafts  made  and  every  other 
thing  necessary  for  his  march  and  accordingly  did 
march  with  what  few  men  he  had  then  raised  in  order 
to  meet  the  Indians  as  they  requested.  That  the  said 
Capt  Trent  had  then  erected  but  not  quite  finished 
a  strong  square  Log  house  with  Loop  Holes  suffi 
cient  to  have  made  a  good  Defence  with  a  few  men 
and  very  convenient  for  a  Store  House,  where  stores 
might  be  lodged  in  order  to  be  transported  by  water 
to  the  place  where  Fort  Du  Quesne  now  stands 
That  the  building  this  Store  House  was  paid  for  by 
Captain  Trent,  who  at  that  time  was  Factor  for  the 
Ohio  Company  and  had  orders  to  build  said  Store 
House  to  lodge  Stores  which  were  intended  for  the 
Building  a  Fort  where  Fort  Du  Quesne  now  stands 
for  the  Ohio  Company,  which  Store  House  was  soon 
after  compleated  by  Workmen  employed  by  said 
Captain  Trent  for  that  purpose.  That  Captain 
Trent  marched  from  Redstone  Creek  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Monongahela  where  a  number  of  Indians  of 
different  Nations  met  him,  at  which  Time  and  place 
this  Deponent  was  present  having  met  Captain 


E.  Ward's  Deposition  1756  43 

Trent  on  his  march  and  received  his  commission  as 
Ensign  from  him.  Captain  Trent  on  meeting  with 
the  Indians  made  a  speech  to  them  and  delivered 
them  a  present,  which  was  sent  by  the  Governor  of 
Virginia.  After  the  Treaty  was  finished  Captain 
Trent  laid  out  the  Fort  and  cleared  the  Ground  and 
got  some  logs  squared,  upon  which  the  Chiefs  of  the 
Six  Nations  then  present  went  with  us  to  the  ground 
and  laid  the  first  log  and  said,  that  Fort  belonged 
to  the  English  and  them  and  whoever  offered  to  pre 
vent  the  building  of  it  they  the  Indians  would  make 
war  against  them.  That  Captain  Trent  left  the  In 
habitants  and  crossed  the  mountains  in  the  middle  of 
winter  and  brought  a  quantity  of  flour  and  Indian 
Meal  with  him  on  horseback  over  the  mountains  with 
great  difficulty.  Those  Mountains  being  impassible 
in  winter  if  deep  snows  happen.  The  first  concourse 
of  Indians  that  gathered  at  that  time  during  the 
Treaty  were  maintained  by  Captain  Trent  out  of  the 
Flour  and  Indian  Meal,  he  took  with  him  and  de 
pended  upon  the  Indians  killing  meat  for  him.  For 
which  purpose  he  took  with  him  a  large  quantity  of 
goods  to  pay  for  it  to  the  Delaware  Indians,  they 
being  the  only  Indians  who  lived  adjoining,  to  the 
place  where  the  Fort  was  building,  and  could  not  be 
prevailed  upon  to  hunt,  tho'  often  applied  to  and 
offered  great  prices  for  any  kind  of  meat  they  could 
bring  in,  even  seven  shillings  and  sixpence  for  a  Tur 
key.  At  this  time  the  Indians  were  much  inclined 
to  the  French,  but  were  afraid  to  declare  in  their  fa- 


44  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

vour.  We  lived  upon  Flour  and  Indian  Meal  chiefly, 
while,  it  lasted,  sometimes  getting  a  Turkey  at  a 
very  extravagant  rate.  After  the  Flour  and  Meal 
was  gone  we  lived  chiefly  upon  Indian  Corn,  all  that 
could  be  got  we  purchased.  Mr  Gist  sent  word  that 
Major  Washington  with  a  Detachment  of  the  Vir 
ginia  Regiment  were  on  the  march  to  join  us  and 
would  be  with  us  in  a  few  days  and  we  also  received 
the  same  account  from  several  other  persons.  Cap 
tain  Trent  waited  a  long  time,  till  our  provisions  got 
scarce,  having  nothing  but  Indian  Corn,  and  even  salt 
to  eat  with  it  was  scarce,  very  little  of  it  to  be  pur 
chased,  and  the  weather  so  hot  the  Men  were  not  able 
to  work,  having  become  very  weak  by  having  nothing 
but  corn  to  eat. 

Upon  this  Captain  Trent  set  off  for  the  Inhabi 
tants  to  try  to  get  some  relief  and  I  understand  that 
when  he  came  to  his  House  which  was  within  fifty 
miles  of  Winchester  near  where  Fort  Cumberland 
now  stands  that  there  was  no  account  from  the  Regi 
ments  nor  any  Detachment  from  it  nor  any  provi 
sions  sent  up  there  and  that  said  Captain  Trent  pro 
vided  a  quantity  of  provisions  and  was  determined 
to  join  the  Company  and  wait  the  coming  of  the 
Regiment.  That  the  day  before  he  proposed  setting 
off  he  received  a  letter  from  Major  Washington  de 
siring  him  not  to  leave  the  Inhabitants  till  he  saw 
him  as  he  wanted  his  advice,  and  the  day  they  got 
back  to  Captain  Trents  House,  they  received  the  news 
of  about  eleven  hundred  Indians  and  French  having 


E.  Ward's  Deposition  17 56  45 

come  down  the  Ohio  and  taken  possession  of  the  Fort, 
our  people  were  building. 

And  this  Deponent  further  saith  he  understood 
that  the  detachment  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  men 
of  the  Virginia  Regiment  under  Major  Washington 
had  been  but  two  days  at  Captain  Trent's  House  be 
fore  we  came  in  from  the  Ohio  and  this  Deponent 
further  saith  that  he  found  them  very  ill  provided, 
being  obliged  to  make  use  of  the  Flour  provided  by 
Captain  Trent  and  that  afterwards  they  were  sup 
plied  with  powder  by  said  Trent  and  George  Crog- 
han,  Esq,  otherwise  they  would  not  have  had  ammu 
nition  to  make  the  least  defence,  that  day  the  French 
defeated  them.  The  men  under  the  command  of 
Captain  Trent  had  received  no  pay  but  what  he  paid 
them.  The  Government  intending  to  pay  them  as 
the  soldiers  belonging  to  the  Regiment  were  paid, 
though  they  were  raised  as  Militia,  agreeable  to  the 
Act  of  Assembly  then  in  force. 

The  want  of  their  pay  and  the  unsafe  march  made 
them  refuse  to  serve  upon  any  other  footing.  And 
this  Deponent  further  saith  that  there  was  no  Fort 
but  a  few  Palisades  he  ordered  to  be  cut  and  put  up 
four  days  before  the  French  came  down.  And  this 
Deponent  further  saith  that  he  often  heard  Captain 
Trent  say  that  he  did  not  want  a  commission.  That 
his  business  was  better  than  any  commission  and  what 
he  did  was  to  serve  his  Country  and  that  if  he  could 
get  the  Fort  finished  he  would  be  satisfied.  And  this 
Deponent  further  saith  that  the  Soldiers  who  were 


46  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

willing  to  work  were  paid  by  Captain  Trent  at  the 
expence  of  the  Ohio  Company  and  that  he  had  often 
heard  Captain  Trent  say;  it  was  no  matter  so  the 
Country  was  secured  for  His  Majesty,  which  was  his 
view  who  was  at  the  expense  of  the  Fort,  as  he  had 
orders  from  the  Ohio  Company  to  build  a  Fort  and 
none  from  the  Government  to  build  any.  And  this 
Deponent  further  saith  that  the  Indians  gave  Cap 
tain  Trent  encouragement  that  they  would  join  him 
and  drive  the  French  off  the  Ohio ;  but  upon  finding 
how  backward  the  Governor  of  Virginia  was  in  send 
ing  Troops,  the  Indians  told  Captain  Trent  that  for 
what  men  he  had  with  him  they  looked  upon  them  as 
no  addition  to  their  strength,  as  they  had  long  lived 
among  them,  looked  upon  them  all  one  as  themselves, 
but  if  the  Virginians  joined  them,  which  they  saw 
no  signs  of,  then  they  would  join  heartily,  and  that 
the  Half  King  desired  Captain  Trent  to  go  to  the 
Inhabitants  and  forward  the  troops  and  provisions. 
And  this  Deponent  further  saith  that  after  Captain 
Trent,  left  the  Fort  in  order  to  go  to  the  Inhabitants, 
and  hurry  out  the  Troops  and  Provisions  and  recruit 
his  Company  that  Mr  Gist  came  to  the  Fort  and 
desired  him  to  send  some  men  with  him  to  bring  down 
a  quantity  of  Provisions  which  were  laying  at  Red 
stone  Creek.  That  this  Deponent  then  sent  a  num 
ber  of  men  up  the  Monongahela  for  said  Provisions. 
That  he  understood  afterwards  there  were  no  provi 
sions  there,  that  before  the  men  who  were  sent  for 
them  got  back,  the  French  came  down  and  obliged  this 


E.  Ward's  Deposition  1756  47 

Deponent  to  surrender,  he  having  no  place  of  De 
fence  but  a  few  Pallisadoes  which  he  had  ordered  to 
be  put  up  four  days  before  upon  hearing  the  French 
were  coming  down  and  that  he  had  no  Provisions  but 
a  little  Indian  Corn  and  but  forty  one  soldiers  and 
Workmen  and  Travellers  who  happened  to  be  there 
at  the  time  and  the  French  Eleven  hundred  in  num 
ber,  And  this  Deponent  saith  he  saw  several  pieces  of 
Cannon  pointed  at  the  Fort  within  musket  shot  but 
could  not  tell  the  number,  but  was  afterwards  told 
by  the  Indians  there  were  nine  pieces  of  Cannon. 

Sworn  to  at  Carlisle  the 

Thirtieth  day,  of  June  1756  EDWAKD  WAED. 

Before  me     Sa  Smith 


FORT  DU  QUESNE 

IN  accordance  with  instructions  from  the  British 
Ministry,  George  Washington  had  been  sent  by  Gov 
ernor  Dinwiddie  in  the  month  of  December  1753  to 
the  commandant  of  the  French  forces  on  the  Ohio 
with  a  protest  against  the  encroachments  of  the 
French.  The  commandant  M.  De  St  Pierre  de 
clined  to  discuss  the  matter,  claiming  that  the  com 
plaint  should  be  made  to  the  Marquis  Du  Quesne, 
governor  of  Canada  (Washington's  Journal  has  been 
published) .  Major  George  Washington  and  Captain 
Trent  were  then  commissioned  to  raise  men  to  pro 
tect  the  frontier  and  build  a  Fort  at  the  forks  of 
the  Ohio  and  Monongahela.  The  Ohio  Company 
had  commenced  to  build  a  fort  at  Chartiers,  this  was 
discontinued  and  Major  Washington  was  commis 
sioned  to  enlist  100  men  from  the  militia  of  Augusta 
and  Frederick  counties,  Captain  William  Trent  100 
among  the  traders.  The  fort  was  commenced  un 
der  the  direction  of  Ensign  Ward.  On  the  17th  of 
April  1754  Captain  Contrecoeur  descended  the  Alle 
gheny  with  a  considerable  force  of  French  and  In 
dians,  and  summoned  Ward  to  surrender  his  unfin 
ished  work.  Resistance  was  out  of  the  question,  he 
surrendered. 

48 


Fort  Du  Quesne  49 


Contrecoeur  finished  the  fort  and  called  it  Du- 
quesne.  Pierre  Claude  de  Picardy  Seigneur  of  Con 
trecoeur  in  the  district  of  Montreal  was  the  son  of 
an  officer  in  the  regiment  of  Carignan,  who  was  en 
nobled  by  letters  patent  dated  January  1661.  The 
family  is  now  extinct,  the  last  of  the  race  having  been 
accidentally  killed. 

Fort  Du  Quesne  was  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Monongahela  and  Allegheny  rivers.  About  half 
the  fort  was  made  of  square  logs  and  the  other  half, 
near  the  water,  of  stockadoes.  Entrenchments  were 
cast  up  all  around  the  fort,  about  seven  feet  high, 
against  which  was  thrown  up  earth  in  a  gradual  as 
cent.  It  had  *two  gates,  a  magazine  and  a  pit  or 
well.  The  stockadoes  were  round  logs.  The  cur 
tain  was  18  yards,  bastion  15  yards,  glacis  98  yards. 
Extending  from  the  fort  along  the  bank  of  the  Alle 
gheny  River  was  the  hornwork  55  yards  by  40. 
The  barracks  140  yards  by  38.  A  short  distance 
from  the  fort,  on  the  Monongahela  bank,  was  the 
burying  ground  30  yards  square.  Adjoining  it  was 
the  enclosed  garden  60  yards  square. 

Monsieur  le  Chevalier  Mercier,  commissary  and 
ensign  who  delivered  Contrecoeur's  summons  to  En 
sign  Ward  constructed  Fort  Du  Quesne.  The  de 
tachment  of  Contrecoeur  to  whose  summons  Ensign 
Ward  surrendered  his  partly  built  fort  consisted  of 
60  batteaux,  300  canoes  and  about  1000  French  and 
Indians  and  18  pieces  of  artillery.  The  name  of 
the  cemetery  was  the  Assumption  de  la  Sainte 


50  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

Vierge.  In  it  was  buried  all  those  who  had  belonged 
to  the  Holy  Catholic  Church. 

The  Indians  had  several  burying  places,  marked 
by  mounds  but  not  consecrated.  One  was  in  what  is 
now  Trinity  Church  yard.  Another  was  on  Grants 
Hill. 

On  July  6th,  1755,  the  works  at  Fort  Duquesne  were 
finished.  When  Contrecoeur,  the  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  French  troops,  demanded  surrender  of 
the  unfinished  fort,  he  gave  Ensign  Ward  but  one 
hour  to  determine  what  he  should  do.  The  only 
adviser  he  had  was  the  Indian  chief  Tanacharison. 
On  the  subsequent  day  Ensign  Ward  with  his  men 
ascended  the  Monongahela  to  the  mouth  of  Redstone 
Creek,  where  he  met  Washington. 

Washington  immediately  sent  expresses  to  the 
governors  of  Pennsylvania,  Maryland  and  Virginia 
asking  for  reinforcements  and  then  resolved  to  ad 
vance  and  build  a  fort  on  the  Monongahela  river, 
near  where  Brownsville  now  stands.  WTiile  en 
camped  on  the  Youghiogany  he  received  information 
that  the  French  were  marching  towards  him. 

He  then  hurried  to  the  Great  Meadows  where  he 
made  an  intrenchment.  May  28th  1754,  the  battle 
took  place,  with  the  French;  a  brisk  firing  on  both 
sides  was  kept  up  for  a  quarter  of  an  hour.  Jumon- 
ville  the  commandant  and  ten  of  his  men  were  killed 
and  twenty-two  were  taken  prisoners.  The  prison 
ers  were  sent  to  Governor  Dinwiddie.  On  the  llth 
of  June  leaving  Captain  Mackay  at  Fort  Necessity 


Fort  Du  Quesne  51 


Washington  advanced  to  Redstone,  but  hearing  that 
reinforcements  had  arrived  at  Fort  Duquesne  from 
Canada  and  that  a  large  detachment  would  soon  be 
sent  against  him,  he  hurried  back  to  Fort  Necessity 
and  set  his  men  to  felling  trees  and  carrying  logs  to 
the  fort,  to  enlarge  and  strengthen  the  fortifications. 
At  11  o'clock  on  the  3rd  of  July  the  enemy  amount 
ing  to  nine  hundred  men  began  to  fire.  The  battle 
continued  from  11  o'clock  until  eight,  when  M.  de 
Villiers  the  French  commander  proposed  articles  of 
capitulation.  The  whole  garrison  was  to  retire  and 
take  with  them  everything  in  their  possession  except 
their  artillery.  Washington  agreed  to  restore  the 
prisoners  who*  had  been  taken  in  the  skirmish  with 
Jumonville.  Two  hostages  Captain  Van  Braam  and 
Stobo  were  delivered  up  to  the  French.  Captain  de 
Villiers  had  700  men,  600  French  and  100  Indians  in 
his  detachment.  Captain  de  Villiers  was  the  brother 
of  Jumonville  who  was  killed  in  the  skirmish  in  the 
Great  Meadows.  They  were  natives  of  Picardy, 
France.  Fort  Duquesne  being  finished  Sieur  de 
Beaujeau  with  his  brigade  arrived. 
July  9th.  M.  de  Contrecoeur  having  been  informed 
that  the  English  were  taking  up  arms  in  Virginia  and 
were  on  the  march  to  attack  him  sent  the  Captains 
Beaujeu,  Dumas  and  de  Lingery  with  four  lieu 
tenants,  six  ensigns,  100  soldiers,  100  Canadians  and 
600  Indians.  General  Braddock's  army  was  sur 
prised  and  defeated.  The  general,  many  of  his  offi 
cers  and  the  French  commander  were  killed.  Dumas 


52  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

remained  in  command.  He  took  to  the  fort  500 
scalps  and  more  than  200  prisoners. 

Daniel  Lienard  de  Beaujeu  Knight  of  the  Military 
Order  of  St.  Louis,  captain  of  the  troops  of  the 
marine.  He  was  proprietor  of  a  Signoury  on  the 
River  Chambly.  Before  marching  against  Braddock 
he  bowed  before  the  Altar,  received  the  sacrament 
and  so  prepared  for  death.  He  was  buried  in  the 
cemetery  of  Fort  Duquesne,  entitled  L'Assumption 
de  la  Sainte  Vierge.  This  burial  place  is  now 
covered  by  the  rails  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad. 
One  plan  of  Fort  Duquesne  was  drawn  by  Stobo 
while  a  prisoner  in  the  fort  and  was  sent  to  George 
Croghan  the  Indian  agent.  The  plan  whose  meas 
urements  I  have  given,  was  sent  to  William  Hamilton 
the  governor  of  Pennsylvania. 

In  the  library  of  William  M.  Darlington  is  the 
copy  of  the  original  plan. 

After  the  battle  Contrecoeur  was  sent  to  attack 
the  English  general  Bradstreet's  detachment  at 
Frontenac  and  Dumas  remained  in  command  of  the 
fort.  He  proved  himself  an  active  and  vigilant 
officer,  his  war  parties  ravaging  Pennsylvania, 
Maryland  and  Virginia.  He  had  in  the  fort  800 
men  and  600  or  700  Indians. 

March  23rd  1756  Dumas  ordered  Ensign  Donville 
to  march  at  the  head  of  a  detachment  of  50  Indians, 
to  observe  the  enemys  movements  back  of  Fort 
Cumberland.  He  was  ordered  to  harass  their  con 
voys  and  burn  their  magazines,  to  take  prisoners,  but 


Fort  Du  Quesne  53 


to  prevent  the  Indians  exercising  any  cruelty  on 
them.  The  commandant  informed  M.  de  Vaudrieul 
governor  of  Canada,  that  the  fort  was  not  in  a  con 
dition  to  resist  an  attack  of  artillery.  Governor 
Vaudrieul  gave  orders  to  forward  some  Indians  and 
Frenchmen  to  the  fort.  Captain  Dumas  was 
ordered  to  send  out  parties  to  meet  the  enemy  in  the 
belief  that  "before  the  English  have  reached  our  terri 
tory  they  will  have  lost  more  people  than  they  will 
possibly  kill  of  ours  in  a  decisive  action."  The  In 
dians  with  some  Canadians  made  many  successful 
forays.  Thirty  scalps  were  sent  in.  They  carried 
off  entire  families  which  obliged  the  English  to  con 
struct  several  "forts,  or  enclose  dwellings  with  stock 
ades.  Ensign  Donville  was  killed  in  an  attack  on  a 
small  fort  in  Virginia.  Whole  families  have  been 
destroyed;  several  villages  have  been  abandoned; 
houses  and  barns  filled  with  grain  burned  and 
cattle  killed.  The  commander  reported  to  Gov 
ernor  Vaudrieul  that  he  has  been  occupied  for  more 
than  eight  days  merely  receiving  scalps.  He  was 
making  plans  to  destroy  Fort  Cumberland,  which  is 
a  large  entrepot  for  the  English.  September  15th 
Captain  de  Villiers  with  twenty  three  Frenchmen  and 
thirty  Indians  burned  Fort  Grandville  in  which  were 
thirty  three  persons  including  women  and  children. 
200  Indians  and  Frenchmen  left  Duquesne  to  set 
fire  to  400  houses.  In  1757  M.  de  Lignerie  relieved 
Dumas  from  his  command.  In  the  spring  of  1759 
the  King  created  him  a  brigade-major  and  inspec- 


54  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

tor  of  the  troops  of  the  marine.  At  the  siege  of 
Quebec  and  during  the  rest  of  the  war  he  was  ac 
tively  employed.  The  capitulation  of  Montreal  gave 
Canada  to  the  English  and  Dumas  passed  with  his 
comrades  in  arms  to  France.  In  1763  he  was  made 
a  brigadier  and  appointed  to  the  government  of  the 
Isles  of  France  and  Bourbon.  De  Lignerie  having 
relieved  Dumas  of  his  command  received  reinforce 
ments  from  Canada. 


GEORGE  CROGHAN 

(Reprinted  from  Christopher  Grist's  Journals 
by  William  M.  Darlington,  1893) 

GEORGE  CROGHAN.     The  most  conspicuous  name 
in  Western  Annals,  in  connection  with  Indian  Affairs 
for  twenty  five  years  preceding  the  Revolutionary 
War.     He  was  a  native  of  Ireland  and  received  an 
ordinary  education  in  Dublin.     Came  to  America  in 
1743   or   4.     In   1746   he   resided   in   East   Penns- 
boro  township  Lancaster   (afterwards  Cumberland) 
County    five    miles    west    of    Harris's    Ferry    now     EvS 
Harrisburg.     In  March  1749  he  was  appointed  by    Jf  the 
the  Governor  and  Council  one  of  the  "Justices  of  the     co'iom' 

1749. 

Peace  and  Common  Pleas  for  Lancaster  County.  RUPP- 
He  engaged  in  the  Indian  Trade  going  as  far  as  the  jSTroi 
southwestern  border  of  Lake  Erie  in  1746-7.  In 
1748  he  had  a  Trading  House  at  Logstown  on  the 
Ohio  and  afterwards  Trading  establishments  at  the 
principal  Indian  Towns.  France  claimed  the  vast 
country  west  of  the  Alleghenies  watered  by  the 
Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers.  She  was  now  attempt 
ing  to  establish  her  claim  by  the  establishment  of  Mili 
tary  posts  from  the  Lakes  to  the  Mississippi  and 
along  the  Allegheny  and  Ohio  rivers.  The  Indian 

55 


56  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

Tribes  in  this  region  numerous  and  warlike  were  to 
be  conciliated.  Croghan  early  saw  the  importance  of 
detaching  them  from  the  French  by  means  of  Pres 
ents  and  more  favorable  Trade ;  his  suggestions  on  the 
subject  were  wisely  heeded  by  the  President  and 
Council  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania,  and  they 
accordingly  appointed  him  in  1747  their  agent  to  de 
liver  presents  of  goods  to  the  Ohio  Indians. 

In  April  of  1748  he  met  the  Indian  Chiefs  at 
"Ohio,"  returned  thanks  of  the  President  and  Council 
of  Pennsylvania  for  the  French  Scalp  they  had  sent 
down  last  Spring  and  delivered  the  present  of  goods 
for  all  their  brethern  "settled  in  and  about  Ohio"; 
Powder,  Lead,  Vermillion,  Knives  and  Tobacco  to 
the  amount  of  £224.5.0.  He  further  stated  that  a 
Proclamation  had  been  issued  strictly  forbidding  all 
Traders  from  carrying  strong  Liquors  into  the  In 
dian  Country  under  severe  penalties.  The  Chiefs 
returned  thanks  for  the  presents,  approved  of  the  sup 
pression  of  the  traffic  in  Liquor  but  as  they  had  re 
cently  induced  some  Nations  of  Indians  in  the  French 
interest  to  leave  them,  and  as  they  had  never  tasted 
English  Rum  they  hoped  some  would  be  sent  to  them. 
They  significantly  added  "We  send  you  this  French 
Scalp  as  a  token  that  we  dont  go  to  visit  them  for 
nothing." 

In  August  1749  he  was  sent  west  by  Governor 
Hamilton  in  consequence  of  rumors  of  the  French  ap 
proaching  the  Ohio  and  to  secure  the  Indians  in  the 
English  interest.  He  reached  Logstown  soon  after 


George  Croghan  57 


Celeron  with  the  French  troops  had  left.  The  in 
creasing  intrusion  of  white  settlers  on  the  unpur- 
chased  lands  of  the  Indians  west  of  the  Susquehannah 
in  spite  of  the  Laws,  of  the  Governors  Proclamation 
and  the  threats  of  the  Indians  themselves  determined 
the  government  to  expel  them  by  force.  Accord 
ingly  in  May  1750  a  large  company  headed  by  Secre 
tary  Peters,  George  Croghan  and  the  other  Magis 
trates  and  sheriff  of  the  new  County  of  Cumberland 
visited  the  settlers  on  the  Big  Juniata,  Shermans 
Creek,  the  Path  Valley,  Big  Cove  Auchquick  creek 
and  other  places,  removed  their  household  goods  and 
burned  the  log  cabins,  doubtless  by  these  effective 

9 

measures  preventing  an  Indian  War.  In  November 
the  same  year  he  was  dispatched  in  company  with 
Andrew  Montour  to  the  Miamies  to  renew  the  Chain 
of  Friendship  and  deliver  them  a  present.  On  their 
way  out  at  Logstown  on  the  Ohio,  the  few  Chiefs 
then  there  told  him  "their  Brothers  the  English  ought 
to  have  a  Fort  on  this  river  to  secure  the  Trade;  as 
they  expected  War  with  the  French  in  the  Spring.  VoL5 
At  Muskingum  he  met  Christopher  Gist,  they  travel 
led  together  to  Piqua.  There  Croghan  delivered  the 
message  and  presents  and  made  a  Treaty  for  which 
the  Governor  censured  him  as  done  without  author 
ity;  although  he  said  he  believed  Croghan  intended 
well.  The  latter  in  his  account  says  the  Assembly 
rejected  the  Treaty  and  condemned  him  for  drawing 
an  additional  expense  on  the  Government,  and  the 
Indians  were  neglected.  The  Treaty  admits  two 


Col. 
Records 


58 


History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 


Tribes  Autawas  and  Pykeskees  to  the  Friendship 
and  Alliance  of  the  King  of  Great  Britain  and  his 
Subjects  as  the  other  Tribes  of  the  Miamis  had  been. 
Signed  by  George  Croghan  in  the  presence  of  us 
Christopher  Gist,  Robert  Callender,  Thomas  T.  K. 
Kinton.  Three  Miami  chiefs  Andrew  Montour 
John  Peter  a  Delaware  and  a  Shawnese  Chief  pres 
ent.  The  Governor  sent  them  a  message  of  approval 
three  months  later.  In  May  1751  he  was  at  Logs- 
town  with  Andrew  Montour  having  been  commis 
sioned  to  deliver  to  the  Ohio  Indians  the  Provincial 
Present  and  friendly  messages. 

Jaen  Coeur  the  French  Agent  and  Interpreter  was 
there.  At  the  Council  he  was  menaced  by  the  Chiefs 
who  ordered  the  French  from  their  Lands.  They  de 
livered  Croghan  a  Speech  for  the  Governor  of  Penn 
sylvania  in  which  they  requested  he  should  build  a 
Strong  House  on  the  Ohio  river  soon.  Governor 
Hamilton  communicated  to  the  House  of  Assembly, 
Croghan  and  Montour's  account  of  their  Proceed 
ings,  in  a  Special  Message  and  recommended  the 
building  of  a  Strong  Trading  House  on  the  Ohio  and 
offered  on  the  part  of  the  Proprietaires  to  bear  a 
portion  of  the  expense.  The  Assembly  declined  and 
preferred  the  Proprietary  would  contribute  to  the  ex 
pense  of  the  Presents  to  the  Indians.  That  body 
also  asserted  that  the  danger  from  the  French  and 
the  Indians  request  to  erect  a  strong  Trading  House 
was  misunderstood  or  misrepresented  by  Croghan. 
So  the  matter  was  dropped.  In  the  latter  part  of 


George  Croghan  59 


April  1752  Governor  Hamilton  at  Philadelphia  re 
ceived  a  letter  from  Croghan  written  at  the  Shawnese 
Town.  February  8th  and  enclosing  a  message  from 
the  Shawnese  to  the  effect  that  they  intended  to  war 
against  the  French  in  revenge  for  the  30  Miamis 
killed  by  them  and  wanting  to  be  assured  of  the  fvoiRec' 
friendship  of  the  English.  In  October,  1753  a  large 
deputation  of  Chiefs  and  Warriors  of  the  Six  Na 
tions,  Delawares,  Shawnese,  Wyandots  and  Miamis 
held  a  Treaty  with  the  Commissionares  of  Penna  at 
Carlisle.  George  Croghan  was  present.  These  In 
dians  held  a  Treaty  at  Winchester  in  September  with  J voL**5" 
Virginia.  Conferences  with  the  Indian  Chiefs  were 
generally  held  up  to  1754  at  George  Croghans  House 
at  Pennsboro.  The  road  through  the  pass  on  the 
mountain  about  six  miles  north  of  Carlisle  and  the 
same  distance  west  of  Croghans  is  marked  Croghans 
Gap  on  the  Map  of  Evans  of  1749  and  all  others  to 
a  recent  date  when  it  seems  changed  to  Sterrits  Gap. 
In  1753  Croghan  built  a  house  at  Aughwick  or 
"Aughquick  Old  Town,"  doubtless  the  site  of  an  old 
Indian  Town,  now  in  the  borough  of  Shirleysburgh 
Huntington  County,  Penna,  called  Croghan's  Fort — 
Fort  Shirley  by  Govenor  Morris  in  1756  when  it  was  jSh£eg. 
enlarged  and  stockaded.  One  of  the  chain  of  Forts 
established  in  consequence  of  the  Defeat  of  Brad- 
dock.  About  twenty  miles  from  the  settlements  Fort 
Lytellton  was  built.  Fifteen  miles  north  east  of 
Fort  Shirley,  near  the  mouth  of  a  Branch  of  the 
Juniata  called  Kishequokilis  a  third  Fort  was 


60  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

erected  called  Fort  Granville.  From  Fort  Granville 
towards  Susquehanna  at  the  distance  of  fifteen  miles 
and  about  twelve  from  the  River,  another  Fort  was 
established  called  Ponfret  Castle. 

Croghan  also  this  year  1753  held  a  Tract  of  near 
400  acres  near  the  present  Bedford  town,  surveyed 
by  the  deputy  Surveyor  Armstrong  and  obtained  a 
grant  from  the  Six  Nations  of  a  tract  in  Aughwick. 
Feb.  3rd  1754  again  Croghan  wrote  to  Governor 
Hamilton  and  Richard  Peters  Secretary  urging  the 
building  of  a  strong  log  Trading  House,  Stockade — 
in  reality  a  Fort,  but  inexpensive,  he  mentions  that 
Mr  Trent  has  just  come  out  with  ye  Virginia  guards 
and  brought  a  quantity  of  tools  and  workmen  to 
build  a  Fort  and  as  he  could  not  talk  the  Indian 
Language,  "I  am  obliged  to  stay  and  assist  in  divid 
ing  the  goods."  This  was  the  commencement  of  the 
Fortification  at  the  Forks  of  the  Ohio — which  En 
sign  Ward  was  obliged  to  surrender  when  partly 
finished  to  the  superior  Force  of  Contrecoeur  in 
April.  During  the  past  winter  Croghan  had  a  large 
number  of  Indians  at  Aughwick  under  his  charge. 
"The  Assembly  of  Pennsylvania  adjourned  on  the 
9th  of  March  without  making,  but  refusing  to  make 
any  appropriation  for  the  defence  of  the  Province. 
On  the  13th  of  March  1754  Governor  Hamilton 
wrote  to  Governor  Dinwiddie,  "Ever  since  I  had  the 
Honour  to  write  you  I  have  been  laboring  indefati- 
gably  with  my  Assembly  to  induce  them  to  act  vigor 
ously  on  the  present  critical  juncture  of  affairs  at 


George  Croghan  61 


Ohio,  and  to  grant  such  Supplies  as  might  enable  us 
to  resist  the  Invasion  of  the  French."  In  another 
letter  of  the  same  date  he  wished  Governor  Din- 
widdie  to  inform  him  as  to  the  situation  of  the 
French  Forts  as  he  believes  those  at  the  Forks  of  the 
Monongahela  to  be  really  within  the  bounds  of  Penn 
sylvania.  Governor  Dinwiddie  replied  March  21st, 
"I  am  from  all  hands  assured  Logstown  is  far  to  the 
West  of  Mr  Penn's  grant  and  the  Forks  of  the 
Ohio  also.  In  January  I  commissioned  William 
Trent  to  raise  one  Hundred  men;  he  had  got  Seventy 
and  had  begun  a  Fort  at  the  Forks  of  Monongahela. 
His  Majesty  sent  me  out  Thirty  Pieces  of  Cannon, 
Four-Pounders,  with  Carriages  and  all  other  neces 
sary  Impliments  with  Eighty  Barrells  of  Gun 
Powder"  Dec.  6th  1754  This  Message  was  received 
from  the  Assembly.  "As  we  apprehend  the  Gov 
ernor  will  agree  with  us  in  the  Necessity  of  regu 
lating  that  Expense  (Indian  Allies)  with  all  possible 
economy  and  as  George  Croghan  (whose  accounts 
we  have  allowed)  seems  resolved  to  remove  from 
Aughquick,  and  the  Indians  by  that  means  will  be 
left  without  any  proper  Person  to  take  the  necessary 
care  of  providing  for  their  Subsistence,  we  recom 
mend  it  to  the  Governor's  Consideration  whether  it 
might  not  be  more  convenient  for  the  Indians  them 
selves,  and  less  Expense  to  the  Province,  if  they  were 
invited  to  move  nearer  our  Back  Inhabitants,  till  by 
Hunting  or  otherwise  they  may  be  able  to  subsist 
themselves  with  Safety." 


62  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

In  a  letter  to  Governor  Morris  Dec  2nd  1750  he 
gives  the  reasons  for  wishing  to  leave  Aughquick. 
"All  the  Promises  made  those  Indians  or  any  Ex 
pectations,  they  may  have  of  this  government  Doing 
anything  for  them,  they  always  expect  to  be  fulfilled 
by  me,  and  as  it  is  not  in  my  power  to  do  anything 
for  them,  I  think  it  proper  one  of  the  Interpreters 
should  be  sent  here  to  take  care  of  them,  they  imagine 
I  have  received  orders  from  your  honor  to  supply 
them  with  such  things  as  they  want.  I  think  it  is  my 
Duty  to  acquaint  your  honour  what  I  know  of  the 
Indians  Sentiments  and  what  they  expect  of  this 
government,  which  is  as  follows,  the  Ohio  Indians  in 
general  puts  their  whole  dependence  on  this  govern 
ment  in  regard  to  the  Expedition  as  soon  as  this 
government  moves  they  will  unite  all  their  force  and 
attack  the  French." 

R.  Peters  in  a  letter  to  George  Croghan  desires 
him  to  make  his  opinion  known  to  the  Assembly 
relative  to  removing  the  Indians  from  Aughquick, 
"and  insist  that  a  Stockade  be  made  this  winter." 
In  George  Croghan's  answer  to  Mr  Peters  as  to  the 
best  method  of  moving  the  Indians  he  writes  "I 
think  it  would  be  of  very  ill  consequence,  for  I  think 
they  are  full  near  the  Inhabitants  already ;  there  was 
one  White  Man  killed  this  summer  already  by  an  In 
dian  in  a  drunken  frolic,  and  if  they  lived  among  them 
there  would  be  constantly  rioting  and  quarrelling.  I 
dont  know  what  will  become  of  the  Back  parts  un 
less  there  be  a  Stockade  Fort  put  up  this  side  the 


George  Croghan  63 


Blue  Hills,  as  certainly  the  Indians  come  to  the 
Virginia  Camp  are  Spies  come  to  view  the  Country 
and  know  our  strength,  for  I  am  certain  there  is  a 
great  body  of  French  and  Indians  at  the  French 
Fort  on  Ohio."  In  a  letter  of  Dec  23  1754  to  Gov 
ernor  Morris  he  writes,  "I  am  obliged  to  advertise  the 
Inhabitants  of  Cumberland  County  in  your  honour's 
name  not  to  barter  or  sell  Liquor  to  the  Indians  or 
to  any  persons  to  bring  amongst  them."  Croghan 
always  took  an  important  part  in  all  Conferences  and 
Treatys  with  the  Indians. 

Croghan  was  one  of  the  Commissioners  appointed 
to  open  a  road  to  the  Ohio  for  the  use  of  Troops. 
May  12th  1755  the  Governor  wrote  to  Braddock. 
"Agreeable  to  your  request,  immediately  upon  my  re 
turn  from  Alexandria  I  sent  to  George  Croghan,  the 
person  entrusted  with  the  management  of  the  Indians 
in  this  Province,  to  join  you  with  as  large  a  body  of 
Indians  as  he  could."  General  Braddock  in  his 
answer  writes,  "I  have  engaged  between  forty  and 
fifty  Indians  from  the  Frontier  of  your  Province  to 
go  with  me  over  the  Mountains,  and  shall  take 
Croghan  and  Montour  into  Service." 

Letter  from  George  Croghan  to  Governor  Morris 
May  20th  1755.  "Tomorrow  what  Indian  women 
and  children  come  to  Fort  Cumberland  with  me  will 
be  sent  back  to  Awequick  by  order  of  the  General, 
the  Men  entirely  go  with  the  General,  and  the 
General  insists  on  my  going  with  him,  so  that  it  is 
out  of  my  Power  to  provide  for  those  Women  and 


64  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

Children.  The  Messengers  I  sent  to  the  Shawnese, 
Twigtees  and  Owendots  are  not  yet  returned  but  I 
hear  they  are  coming,  so  that  I  hope  they  will  join 
the  General  before  the  Army  gets  to  the  Ohio." 
After  the  defeat  of  Braddock  Croghan  returned  to 
Aughwick.  The  Indians  held  a  conference  at  Phila 
delphia  and  complained  of  the  ignorance  of  the 
General  and  the  haughty  way  he  had  treated  them. 
Letter  of  Croghan  to  Charles  Swaine  from  Augh 
wick,  "says  he  had  seen  an  Indian  from  Ohio,  sent  to 
give  him  warning  that  he  might  save  his  scalp  which 
he  says  would  be  no  small  prize  to  the  French  and  he 
desires  me  as  soon  as  I  see  the  Indians  remove  from 
Susquehanna  back  to  Ohio  to  shift  my  quarters,  for 
he  says  that  the  French  will,  if  possible,  lay  all  the 
back  frontiers  in  ruin  this  Winter."  "I  am  glad  I 
have  no  hand  in  Indian  affairs  at  this  critical  time." 

November  12th  Croghan  writes  to  Hamilton. 
"Permit  me  at  this  Critical  Time  to  give  you  informa 
tion  of  the  designs  of  the  Enemy,  I  would  have 
written  to  the  Governor  but  he  has  not  thought 
proper  to  desire  me  to  give  him  any  account  of  Indian 
Affairs  since  the  defeat  of  Gen  Braddock. 

"The  Six  Nations,  Delawares,  Shawnese  Wyan- 
dottes  and  Twigtwees  have  held  a  Conference  and  de 
termined  to  proceed  against  the  Frontiers  of  Virginia, 
Maryland  and  Pennsylvania  this  winter." 

1755  Orders  were  sent  to  Captain  George  Croghan 
"to  proceed  to  Cumberland  County  and  fix  on  proper 
places  for  erecting  three  Stockades  viz  One  back 


George  Croghan  65 


of  Pattersons.  One  upon  Kishecoquillas  and  one 
near  Sideling  Hill.  Fifty  feet  Square,  with  a  Block 
house  on  two  of  the  Corners  and  a  Barrack  within, 
capable  of  lodging  fifty  men." 

1755  Dec.  18th.  James  Hamilton  wrote  to  Gov 
Morris  "Since  you  left  us  Conrad  Weiser,  James 
Galbraith  and  George  Croghan  have  been  in  town, 
and  have  been  fully  examined  by  the  Councils  upon 
all  the  Points  we  thought  necessary  to  be  known. 
The  Country  is  everywhere  alarmed.  I  have  given 
George  Croghan  a  Captain's  Commission."  "He  is 
to  raise  the  men  immediately  and  superintend  the 
building  of  Stockades." 

Governor  Morris  gave  to  Governor  Hardy  this 
character  of  Croghan,  "There  were  many  Indian 
traders  with  Braddock  and  among  others  Croghan 
who  acted  as  a  Captain  of  the  Indians  under  a  War 
rant  from  General  Braddock,  and  I  never  heard  any 
objections  to  his  conduct  in  that  capacity.  For  many 
years  he  had  been  very  largely  concerned  in  the  Ohio 
Trade,  was  upon  that  river  frequently,  and  had  a 
considerable  influence  among  the  Indians,  speaking 
the  Language  of  several  nations,  and  being  very 
liberal  or  rather  profuse  in  his  gifts  to  them  which, 
with  the  losses  he  sustained  by  the  French  who  seized 
great  quantities  of  his  goods,  and  by  not  getting  the 
debts  due  to  him  from  the  Indians,  he  became  Bank 
rupt  and  since  has  lived  at  a  place  called  Aughwick 
in  the  Back  parts  of  this  Province,  where  he  had 
generally  a  number  of  Indians  with  him,  for  the 


66  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

maintenance  of  whom  the  Province  allowed  him  sums 
of  money  from  time  to  time.     After  this  he  went  by 
my  order  with  those  Indians  and  joined  General 
Braddock,   since  Braddocks  defeat  he  returned  to 
Aughwick,  where  he  remained  till  an  Act  of  As 
sembly  was  passed  here  granting  him  a  freedom  from 
arrest  for  ten  years;  this  was  done  that  the  Province 
might  have  the  Benefit  of  his  Knowledge  of  the 
woods   and   his    influence   among   the    Indians.     A 
Captains  commission  was  given  to  him  and  he  was 
ordered  to  raise  men  for  the  defence  of  the  Western 
Frontier,  which  he  did  in  a  very  expeditious  manner, 
he  continued  in  the  command  of  one  of  the  Companies 
he  had  raised,  and  of  Fort  Shirley  about  three  months 
when  having  a  dispute  with  the  Commissioners  about 
some  accounts  between  them,  in  which  he  thought 
himself  ill-used;  he  resigned  his  commission.     I  hear 
he  is  now  at  Onondago  with  Sir  William  Johnson." 
At  a  Council  held  at  Philadelphia  December  14th 
1756  the  Governor  informed  the  Council  that  Sir 
William  Johnson  had  appointed  Mr.   Croghan  to 
transact    Indian    Affairs    in    this    Province.     Mr. 
Croghan  was  of  the  opinion  that  there  should  be  a 
Conference  held  with  the  Indians  as  early  as  possible 
in  the  Spring.     He  was  instructed  by  Sir  William 
Johnson  to  proceed  to  Philadelphia  as  soon  as  he 
could,  or  to  any  part  of  that  Province  where  the  good 
of  his  Majesties  Indian  Interest  might  require.     He 
was  to  endeavor  to  find  out  the  disposition  of  such 
Indians  as  are  still  living  in  those  parts  and  try  all 


George  Croghan  67 


means  to  convince  them  it  is  their  interest  to  continue 
friends  with  the  English  and  to  seek  out  the 
Delawares  and  Shawnese  and  induce  them  to  join 
his  Majesty's  Army.  During  January  1757  Mr. 
Croghan  dispatched  two  of  the  Connestogas  to  Ohio, 
with  Messages  to  the  Six  Nations,  Delawares  and 
Shawnese.  March  29th  he  wrote  from  Harris  Ferry 
"that  on  arriving  there  he  found  160  Indians,  chiefly 
Six  Nations.  Teedyuscung  had  gone  to  the  Seneca 
Country  and  he  expected  him  soon  with  not  less  than 
200  Indians.  He  asked  for  clothes  for  them  which 
request  was  granted  by  the  Council."  The  Confer 
ence  with  the  Indians  asked  for  by  George  Croghan 
was  held  in  the  Court  House  at  Lancaster  on  Mon 
day  May  16th  1757.  Mr.  Croghan  thought  it  neces 
sary  that  Presents  should  be  made  to  the  Cherokees 
to  consist  of  such  articles  as  Mr.  Croghan  might  think 
those  warriors  stood  most  in  need  of  particularly 
Arms.  This  request  of  Mr.  Croghans  was  granted 
and  he  was  appointed  to  distribute  the  presents.  The 
Sachems  made  the  following  speech,  "As  we  have 
finished  the  business  for  this  time  and  we  design  to 
part  to-morrow,  you  must  be  sensible  that  we  have  a 
long  journey  and  a  hilly  country  to  pass  over,  and 
several  of  our  old  men  very  weak,  we  hope  that  you 
will  not  send  us  from  your  Frontiers  without  a  walk 
ing  stick  (Meaning  a  Keg  of  Rum)." 

In  September  1757  Croghan  was  at  Fort  Johnson 
New  York  attending  Conferences  between  Sir  Wil 
liam  Johnson  and  Indians,  Six  Nations  and  Chero- 


68  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

kees,  previous  to  that  he  had  been  sent  by  Johnson 
to  the  German  Flats.  June  30th,  1758  he  marched 
with  a  division  of  the  Indians  to  join  General  Abe- 
cromby.  Sir  William  Johnson  was  with  him  and 
near  400  Indians,  amongst  whom  there  were  some  of 
the  Five  Nations. 

A  conference  was  held  in  the  Town  of  Easton  on 
the  8th  of  October  1758  at  which  George  Croghan 
was  present.  This  conference  continued  until  the 
25th.  On  the  28th  of  March  1759  Mr.  Croghan,  in 
Conference  with  the  Governor,  gave  it  as  his  opinion, 
that  there  should  no  invitations  be  sent  fixing  the 
time  of  meeting  for  the  Ohio  Indians.  If  any 
further  invitation  was  necessary,  it  should  be  general, 
intimating  that  we  expected  to  see  them,  and  leave 
the  particular  time  to  themselves,  not  knowing  what 
time  would  suit  the  Indians  who  were  so  far  distant 
one  from  another.  Mr.  Croghan  said  further,  that 
the  Indians  in  town  were  exceedingly  uneasy,  and 
desired  an  audience  of  General  Stanwix,  on  which  the 
Governor  wrote  a  letter  to  the  General  desiring  him 
to  give  the  Indians  an  audience,  and  to  make  them 
presents  to  their  satisfaction. 

July  1759.  A  conference  was  held  at  Pittsburgh 
by  George  Croghan,  Deputy  Agent.  Colonel  Hugh 
Mercer,  a  number  of  Officers  of  the  Garrison  and 
Chiefs  of  the  Six  Nations  Shawnese  and  Delawares. 
Captain  Croghan  held  a  private  Conference  relative 
to  the  price  of  goods  and  skins. 

May  1760  Croghan  wrote  to  R.  Peters,  recommend- 


George  Croghan  69 


ing  to  him  Six  Mohawk  Indians  who  had  come  to 
Fort  Pitt  with  Montour  and  informing  him  that 
several  Indian  Nations  seem  bent  on  carrying  on  a 
war  against  the  Southern  Indians  but  are  deterred  by 
scarcity  of  ammunition.  A  Conference  was  held  at 
Pittsburgh  on  the  12th  of  August  by  Brigadier  Gen 
eral  Monckton  with  the  Western  Nation  of  Indians 
at  which  Deputy  Agent  Croghan  was  present. 
Croghan  accompanied  Major  Rogers  to  Detroit  to 
receive  the  surrender  of  that  and  the  other  Posts  of 
the  French  in  the  west.  Captain  Croghan  kept  a 
journal  of  this  expedition  which  has  been  published. 

July  1760  he  accompanied  Col.  Bouquet  from  Fort 
Pitt  to  Venango  with  a  detachment  of  troops. 

During  the  Pontiac  War  Croghan  was  active;  he 
was  with  Captain  Ecuyer  during  the  investment  of 
Fort  Pitt  by  the  Indians.  After  it  was  relieved  by 
Bouquet,  he  resigned  out  of  the  service,  intending 
to  sail  for  England;  he  wrote  thus  from  Carlisle 
October  llth  1763. 

"I  know  many  people  will  think  I  am  wrong,  but 
had  I  continued  I  could  be  of  no  more  service  than 
I  have  been  this  eighteen  months  past  which  was 
none,  as  no  regard  was  had  to  any  intelligence  I  sent, 
no  more  than  to  my  opinion." 

General  Gage  succeeding  Amherst  ordered  Cro 
ghan  to  remain.  Sir  William  Johnson  in  1763  sent 
him  to  England  to  confer  with  the  ministry  about  an 
Indian  Boundary  line.  In  this  voyage  he  was  ship 
wrecked  on  the  coast  of  France.  Feb.  28th  he  was 


70  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

present  at  an  Indian  Conference  at  Fort  Pitt,  a 
journal  of  which  has  been  published.  While  on  his 
way  in  1765,  to  pacify  the  Illinois  Indians  he  was  at 
tacked  June  8th,  wounded  and  taken  to  Vincennes, 
but  was  soon  released,  and  accomplished  his  mission. 
In  May  1766  he  made  a  settlement  four  miles  above 
Fort  Pitt.  He  continued  to  render  valuable  service 
in  pacifying  the  Indians  until  1776.  He  was  an 
object  of  suspicion  to  the  Revolutionary  Authorities 
in  1778,  but  as  he  continued  to  reside  on  his  farm, 
was  doubtless  unjustly  accused. 

George  Croghan's  settlement  was  undoubtedly  the 
first  except  Gist's  within  the  County  of  Allegheny. 
The  house  stood  on  the  bank  of  the  Allegheny  river 
a  few  rods  from  the  late  residence  of  Judge  McCand- 
less.  Two  ancient  apple  trees  mark  the  exact  spot 
on  the  draft  of  survey.  The  White  Mingo  Castle  is 
marked  on  the  north  side  of  the  river,  at  the  mouth 
of  Pine  Creek.  At  his  residence  here  he  held  fre 
quent  conferences  with  the  Indians,  some  of  whom 
were  frequently  there  when  he  was  at  home.  In 
Washington's  Journal  of  a  Tour  to  the  Ohio  River 
in  1770  is  entered  Oct  18th  "Dined  with  Col 
Croghan." 

In  the  Mss.  Copy  of  Land  Office  Survey  in  June 
1769  for  George  Croghan's  Tract  of  1352  acres,  on 
which  draft  the  White  Mingo  Castle  is  laid  down  on 
the  north  side  of  the  river  opposite  to  the  land  sur 
veyed  and  near  the  mouth  of  Pine  Creek  on  the  east 
side.  Clarkson's  diary  of  1766  refers  to  this  "Indian 


George  Croghan 


71 


756. 


settlement  of  the  Mingoes"  and  as  the  "White  Mingos 
town"  in  Schoolcraft's  Am.  Ab.  Archives  Vol.  4 
pp.  269,  271.  It  was,  however,  a  much  older  place 
of  resort  by  the  Indians.  The  present  Kittanning 
road  from  half  a  mile  above  the  mouth  of  Pine  Creek 
direct  to  Kittanning  was  the  old  Kittanning  Path  of 
the  Indians  and  so  called  by  the  older  white  settlers 
within  the  memory  of  the  writer.  In  1753-4  William 
Trent  and  George  Croghan,  partners  in  the  Indian 
trade,  had  a  Store  House  above  the  mouth  of  Pine 
Creek;  also  fenced  fields  of  Indian  Corn  and  num- 

and  others 

bers  of  large  Canoes  and  Batteaux,  all  of  which  were      arsle 
seized  by  the  French  in  1754. 

Pine  Creek  'empties  into  the  Allegheny  River  on 
the  north  side  five  miles  above  the  site  of  Fort  Pitt, 
near  the  present,  towns  of  Sharpsburg  and  Etna. 
Indians  of  the  Six  Nations  appear  to  have  built  the 
town  at  this  point  soon  after  the  erection  of  Fort 
Pitt.  It  was  known  as  the  "White  Mingo  town" 
from  the  head  chief.  These  Indians  came  from  the 
"Mingo  town"  on  the  north-west  side  of  the  Ohio 
about  three  miles  below  the  site  of  the  present  City 
of  Steubenville  near  the  mouth  of  Indian  Cross 
Creek  and  "Mingo  Junction"  of  the  Pittsburgh,  St. 
Louis  and  Pittsburgh  and  Wheeling  railways.  It 
was  a  town  inhabited  chiefly  by  the  Senecas,  called 
with  others  of  the  Six  Nations  "Mingoes."  Wash 
ington  visited  it  in  October  and  November  1770  on 
his  way  to  and  from  the  Kanhawha.  He  states  that 
it  then  had  about  twenty  cabins  and  seventy  in- 


72  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

habitants  of  the  Six  Nations.  According  to  Thomas 
Hutchins  it  was  the  only  Indian  Village  in  1766  be 
tween  Fort  Pitt  and  the  Falls  of  the  Ohio.  It  then 
contained  sixty  families. 

The  Monsies  were  a  tribe  of  the  Delawares,  speak 
ing  a  somewhat  different  dialect.  Their  settlement 
was  probably  the  Sewickley  town  on  Evan's  Map  of 
1755  and  Scull's  of  1770;  where  the  town  of  Spring- 
dale  now  stands,  sixteen  miles  above  Pittsburgh  on 
the  north-west  side  of  the  Allegheny  River.  Conrad 
Weiser  passed  a  night  there. 

John  Conolly  and  Captain  Edward  Ward  were 
relatives  of  George  Croghan,  their  exact  relationship 
is  not  known. 

Susannah,  wife  of  General  Prevost,  was  his  only 
child,  she  died  at  Milgrove,  Montgomery  County, 
Penna.,  March  1791.  Her  heirs  tried  to  recover  part 
of  his  property  but  were  unsuccessful.  The  history 
of  George  Croghan,  the  Indians'  friend  and  generous 
protector  is  the  history  of  the  Indians  of  Pennsyl 
vania — their  Conferences,  Treatys  and  treatment  by 
SM  the  white  usurpers.  George  Croghan's  House  on  the 

focurnti8       Allegheny  was  erected  in  1759-60;  burned  by  the  In- 
Ktt?'ort        dians  during  their  outbreak  in  the  summer  of  1763, 
rebuilt  on  the  same  spot,  was  standing  the  beginning 
of  this  Century  (19th). 

Deed  to  George  Croghan 

Whereas  Johonisse,  Scarayoday  and  chiefs  or 
sachems  of  the  Six  united  Nations  of  Indians  did  by 


George  Croghan  73 

their  deed  duly  executed  having  date  the  2nd  day  of 
August  A  D  1749  for  the  consideration  therein  men 
tioned  grant  bargain  and  sell  to  George  Croghan  in 
fee  a  certain  tract  of  land  Beginning  on  the  eastern 
side  of  the  river  Ohio  to  the  northward  of  an  old 
Indian  town  called  Shannopins  Town  at  the  mouth  of 
a  run  called  the  Two  mile  run  and  running  thence  up 
the  said  two  mile  run  to  where  it  intersects  with  the 
heads  of  the  two  mile  springs  where  it  empties  into 
the  Monongahela  river,  thence  down  the  said  two  mile 
springs  the  same  course  thereof  into  the  said  river 
Monongahela,  thence  up  the  said  river  Monongahela 
to  where  Turtle  creek  empties  itself  into  the  said  river 
thence  up  the  said  creek  to  the  first  forks  thereof, 
thence  up  the  north  or  northerly  branch  of  the  said 
creek  to  the  head  of  the  same,  thence  north  or  a 
northerly  course  until  it  strikes  Plumb  Creek  thence 
down  said  Plumb  creek  until  it  empties  itself  into 
the  river  Allegheny  and  there  down  the  said  river 
Allegheny  to  the  place  of  beginning  where  the  afore 
said  two  mile  run  discharges  itself  into  the  said  river 
Ohio  containing  by  estimate  Forty  thousand  acres  be 
the  same  more  or  less  as  by  the  same  deed  more  fully 
appears.  And  whereas  said  Chiefs  or  Sachems  fully 
representing  the  six  united  Nations  aforesaid  in  full 
Council  Assembled  at  Fort  Stanwix  did  by  their 
Deed  Poll  duly  executed  bearing  date  the  llth 
November  1768  for  the  consideration  therein  men 
tioned,  granted  and  conveyed  to  his  most  sacred 
Majesty  George  III  King  of  Great  Britain  for  the 


74  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

benefit  and  behoof  of  said  George  Croghan  all  the 
before  mentioned  tract  of  land ;  for  part  of  which  said 
lands  George  Croghan  made  application  unto  the 
Secretarys  Office  at  Philadelphia  April  1st  1769  and 
obtained  a  special  grant  for  part  of  the  same  from  the 
Proprietor  of  Pennsylvania  as  appears  from  the 
records  of  the  Land  Office  at  Philadelphia,  reference 
being  had  thereto  may  more  fully  appear,  which  ap 
plication  with  surveys  were  made  and  returned  to  the 
Surveyor  Generals  Office  at  Philadelphia.  And 
whereas  said  George  Croghan  by  Indenture  20th 
April  1776  granted  and  conveyed  to  said  Thomas 
Girty  476%  acres  part  of  the  aforesaid  Land.  Be 
ginning  at  a  Black  Oak  on  the  Eastern  Bank  of  the 
river  Allegheny  and  running  thence  north  to  a  Syca 
more  in  a  small  island  on  Crab  Tree  run  now  com 
monly  called  Plumb  Creek  thence  down  to  a  Syca 
more  at  the  junction  with  the  Allegheny — See  Treaty 
at  Fort  Stanwix. 

Letter  from  William  Trent  to  Governor  Hamilton 

Virginia,  April  10th,  1753 

May  it  please  your  honour 

I  have  received  a  letter  just  now  from  Mr  Croghan 
wherein  he  acquaints  me  that  fifty  odd  Ottawas, 
Conewagos,  one  Dutchman  and  one  of  the  Six  Na 
tions  that  was  their  Captain  met  with  some  of  our 
people  at  a  place  called  Kentucky  on  this  side  Alle 
gheny  river  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  from- 


George  Croghan  75 


the  Lower  Shawanese  Town,  they  took  eight  Pris 
oners,  five  belonging  to  Mr  Croghan  and  me,  the 
others  to  Lowry,  they  took  three  or  four  hundred 
Pounds  worth  of  goods  from  us,  one  of  them  made  his 
escape  after  he  had  been  a  Prisoner  three  days,  three 
of  John  Finleys  men  are  killed  by  the  little  Pict 
Town  and  no  account  of  himself ,.  they  robbed  Michael 
Teaffs  People  near  the  lakes,  there  was  one  French 
man  in  Company;  the  Owendats  secured  his  People 
and  five  Horse  load  of  Skins.  Mr  Croghan  is  com 
ing  thro'  the  Woods  with  some  Indians  and  Whites 
and  the  rest  of  the  White  Men  and  the  Indians  are 
coming  up  the  river  in  a  body  though  tis  a  question 
whether  they  'escape,  as  three  hundred  Ottawas  were 
expected  at  the  Lower  Town  every  day  and  another 
Party  of  French  and  Indians  coming  down  the  river, 
the  Indians  are  in  such  confusion  that  there  is  no 
knowing  who  to  trust.  I  expect  they  will  all  join  the 
French  except  the  Delawares,  as  they  expect  no  as 
sistance  from  the  English.  The  Low  Dutchmans 
name  that  was  with  the  Party  that  robbed  our  People 
is  Philip  Philips,  his  mother  lives  near  Col  Johnsons, 
he  was  taken  by  the  French  Indians  about  six  years 
ago  and  has  lived  every  since  with  them;  he  intends 
some  time  this  summer  to  go  and  see  his  mother,  if 
your  Honour  pleases  to  acquaint  the  Governor  of 
New  York  with  it,  he  may  possibly  get  him  secured 
by  keeping  it  secret,  and  acquainting  Col  Johnson 
with  it  and  ordering  him  to  apprehend  him;  if  the 
Dutchman  once  come  to  understand  it,  they  will 


76  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

contrive  to  send  him  word  to  keep  out  of  the  way. 
I  intend  leaving  directly  for  Allegheny  with  pro 
visions  for  our  People  that  are  coming  through  the 
woods  and  up  the  river.     I  am  Your  Honours 
Most  obedient  humble  servant 

WILLIAM  TRENT. 
(Endorsed  James  Hamilton) 


EXTRACTS  FROM  LETTERS  OF 
GENERAL  SHIRLEY 

JUNE  20,  1755,  General  Braddock  wrote  to  Gen 
eral  Shirley  from  Alexandria  "To  take  his  own  and 
Captain  Pepperell's  Regiment  to  attempt  the  reduc 
tion  of  the  French  Forts  at  the  Straits  of  Niagara. 
Two  companies  of  William  Pepperell's  Regiment 
and  the  two  w  Independent  companies  of  New  York 
with  such  other  companies  as  he  should  judge  neces 
sary  for  its  defense.  The  Fort  at  Oswego  must  be 
put  into  such  a  state  of  defence,  as  to  enable  the 
Garrison  to  make  a  proper  resistance  in  case  of  being 
attacked." 

Captain  Bradstreet  was  ordered  to  Oswego  by 
General  Braddock  with  directions  to  put  it  into  the 
best  posture  of  defence.  Captain  Bradstreet  found 
the  fort  or  trading-house  so  trifling  and  the  situa 
tion  so  bad,  that  any  additional  works  would  be 
wasted.  He  decided  only  to  erect  some  palisades 
round  the  back  of  it,  and  clear  the  woods  around  the 
camp  and  fort,  while  waiting  for  advice  and  instruc 
tions  from  General  Shirley 

William  Shirley,  colonial  governor,  was  born  at 
Preston  in  Sussex.  His  commission  was  dated  6 
May,  1741.  The  great  event  of  his  governorship  was 

77 


78  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

the  capture  of  Louisburg.  In  1755  comprehensive 
operations  were  undertaken  for  expelling  the  French 
from  all  territory  in  North  America  to  which  Eng 
land  laid  claim.  By  Braddock's  death  he  became 
commander-in-chief  of  the  British  forces  in  America. 
In  1757  he  was  removed  from  his  governorship.  He 
was  very  much  alarmed  during  the  years  1754-1755 
at  the  French  and  Indian  wars.  The  alarm  was  felt 
not  only  on  the  Ohio  and  Western  settlements  but 
along  the  Lakes.  He  wrote  to  Sir  Thomas  Robinson 
one  of  his  Majesty's  secretaries  of  State. 

"January  24th,  1755.  I  am  concerting  for  driving 
the  French  out  of  Nova  Scotia,  before  they  are  ready 
to  strike  the  first  blow  there,  or  if  we  should  be  too 
late  for  that,  the  Troops  may  arrive  there  in  time,  at 
least  to  prevent  the  Acadians  from  rising,  and  to  re 
pel  any  attempt  of  the  French  for  making  themselves 
Masters  of  the  Peninsula.  Could  I  be  sure  that 
Major  General  Braddock  under  whose  directions  I 
am  with  respect  to  my  own  Regiment,  would  order 
that  and  Sir  William  Pepperells,  or  one  of  them  to 
Nova  Scotia,  upon  the  present  intended  expedition 
there.  I  might  from  the  present  success  of  the 
Levies  for  my  own  Regiment,  have  trusted  to  its  be 
ing  completed  by  the  beginning  or  middle  of  March, 
and  in  such  case  I  would  not  have  raised  more  than 
one  Regiment  of  1000  men  to  have  proceeded  with 
them  to  Nova  Scotia. 

"But  as  the  great  number  of  the  French  Regular 
Troops  now  assembled  upon  the  Ohio,  and  the  bad 


Extracts  from  Letters  of  General  Shirley      79 

aspect  of  affairs  in  the  Western  Colonies  made  it 
seem  doubtful,  whether  the  General  might  not  order 
mine  and  Sir  William  Pepperells  Regiments  to  that 
part  of  the  Continent,  in  which  case,  it  appears  to  me 
that,  Nova  Scotia  with  the  Bay  of  Funda  Etc  would 
be  exposed  to  the  most  imminent  danger  of  being 
lost  to  the  French  unless  His  Majestys  troops  should 
be  strengthened  with  2000  men.  The  French  on  the 
Ohio  river  and  the  troops  sent  from  France  to 
Quebec  are  not  so  numerous  as  the  Deserters  and 
the  families  which  have  settled  in  the  country  of  the 
Twigtwees  affirm,  but  it  is  certain  the  French  are 
determined  to  use  their  utmost  efforts  to  make  them- 

* 

selves  Masters  of  the  Lakes  and  Rivers  and  all  the 
country  between  Canada  and  the  Mississippi,  to 
gether  with  the  numerous  Nations  of  Indians  in 
habiting  it  behind  the  Apalachian  Mountains;  and 
if  they  maintain  their  ground  this  year,  it  seems  im 
possible  to  prevent  a  total  defection  of  everyone  of 
the  Six  Nations  to  them.  If  we  may  judge  how  de 
termined  the  French  are  to  establish  themselves  in  the 
possession  of  what  they  pretend  to  have  a  right  to  in 
Nova  Scotia  from  the  lengths  they  have  gone  to  seize 
upon  and  maintain  themselves  in  their  groundless  pre- 
tentions  on  the  Ohio  and  Country  adjacent,  it  is 
reasonable  to  expect  they  will  make  the  attempt  upon 
the  Peninsula,  if  not  prevented  by  suitable  measures 
on  our  part. 

"If  they  maintain  their  ground  in  the  western  parts 
of  his  Majestys  Territories  here,  they  will  soon  gain 


80  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

the  whole  Body  of  Indians  inhabiting  that  country 
over  to  their  interest  and  have  established  a  line  of 
Forts  upon  the  Great  Lakes  and  Rivers  from  Canada 
to  the  Mississippi  and  the  English  Colonies  from 
South  Carolina  to  New  York.  In  the  southern 
colonies  there  are  as  many  Negro  slaves  capable  of 
bearing  Arms  as  there  are  white  fighting  men;  all 
which  would  be  in  great  danger  of  being  seduced 
from  their  fidelity  to  their  masters  by  promises  of 
liberty,  and  lands  to  settle  upon  and  friends  to  re 
ceive  and  protect  them  against  the  English,  and  it  is 
well  known  that  these  Colonies  abound  with  Roman 
Catholics,  Jacobites,  Indentured  servants  for  long 
terms  and  transported  Convicts  who  might  instigate 
the  slaves  to  rebel  or  join  with  them,  to  which  may 
be  added  the  great  numbers  of  Germans  scattered 
through  the  Colonies  all  indifferent  about  changing 
the  English  for  a  French  government,  provided  they 
could  retain  their  grants  of  Land.  As  to  the 
Colonies  of  Pennsylvania  and  New  York,  in  the 
former  the  government  is  composed  chiefly  of  per 
sons  whose  religious  principles  prevent  them  from  de 
fending  the  country  and  of  Germans  who  could  not 
be  depended  on  by  the  English  government. 

"It  is  believed  the  city  of  Albany  would  surrender 
to  the  French  upon  the  first  summons  if  they  could 
preserve  their  trade  by  it,  and  the  city  of  New  York 
might  be  made  an  easy  prey  to  the  French  and 
Indians." 


THOMAS  POWNALL 

AMONG  the  friends  of  the  American  Colonies 
Thomas  Pownall  should  be  remembered  by  the  de 
scendants  of  the  heroes  of  the  American  Revolution. 
The  designs  of  Andross,  Randolph,  Dudley  and  other 
champions  of  unjust  taxation,  were  revived  by  Gov 
ernor  Shirley.  He  was  an  enterprising  man,  and 
having  mounted  to  the  chair  of  the  New  England 
Province,  he  saw  in  a  growing  country,  vast  pros 
pects  of  aggrandizing  himself,  his  family  and  his 
friends.  Franklin  used  his  influence  which  was  suf 
ficient  to  discourage  Parliament.  Mr.  Shirley  was 
removed  from  the  government  and  Mr.  Pownall  ap 
pointed,  he  was  a  friend  to  liberty  and  to  our  Con 
stitution. 

Thomas  Pownall  was  a  native  of  Lincoln,  Eng 
land.  He  was  appointed  secretary  to  the  Commis 
sioners  for  Trade  and  Plantations  in  1745.  Lieu 
tenant-governor  of  New  Jersey,  1755.  Captain- 
general  and  governor-in-chief  of  Massachusetts  Bay 
vice  William  Shirley,  1757,  and  captain-general  and 
governor  of  South  Carolina,  1759. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  seven  years  war  with 
France,  which  commenced  in  America  in  1754,  a  num 
ber  of  persons  styled  commissioners  were  deputed 

81 


82  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

from  each  colony  to  assemble  at  Albany  to  consider 
the  best  method  they  could  devise  to  defend  them 
selves  against  the  French.  It  was  here  Franklin 
made  his  memorable  proposal  for  a  union  of  the 
colonies.  Pownall  was  present  and  sent  from  there 
a  strong  and  impressive  memorial  to  Lord  Halifax 
on  the  subject.  Governor  Pownall  raised  seven 
thousand  fighting  men  for  the  war  and  in  May,  1759, 
commanded  an  expedition  to  Penobscot  River. 

This  expedition  secured  to  Maine  a  large  and 
valuable  portion  of  territory.  He  built  a  fort  on 
Penobscot  River,  and  "did  there  hoist  the  King's 
Colours  which  were  saluted  by  the  artillery  at  sunset, 
and  as  a  Monument  thereof,  his  Excellency  ordered 
a  Leaden  Plate  to  be  buried  at  the  Root  of  a  Large 
White  Birch  Tree."  The  tree  was  at  the  top  of  a 
very  high  hill  on  the  east  side  of  the  river.  The  in 
scription  was  "May  23,  1759.  Province  of  Massa 
chusetts  Bay — Penobscot  Dominions  of  Great  Brit 
ain  Possession  Confirm 'd  by  Thos  Pownall  Gov 
ernor."  In  1782,  after  the  British  Parliament  had 
declared  the  American  colonies  independent,  the 
question  of  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  new  country 
became  one  of  serious  importance.  John  Adams  who 
with  Dr.  Franklin  and  John  Jay  were  our  commis 
sioners  of  negotiation  cited  Governor  Pownall's  act 
of  possession  and  showed  to  the  Count  de  Vergennes 
the  inscription  on  the  leaden  plate. 

In  1761  Governor  Pownall  was  recalled  to  England 


Thomas  Pownall  83 


and  received  the  appointment  of  director  general 
or  comptroller  of  the  commissariat,  with  the  rank  of 
colonel  in  the  army  under  the  command  of  Prince 
Ferdinand  of  Germany.  At  the  end  of  the  war  he 
was  chosen  representative  in  Parliament  for  Tregony 
in  Cornwall.  At  this  time  the  hostile  designs  of  the 
British  Cabinet  against  America  became  obvious. 
These  designs  and  the  measures  which  were  founded 
upon  them,  Governor  Pownall  strenuously  opposed 
in  Parliament.  His  speeches  in  Parliament,  which 
are  many  in  number,  were  all  printed  by  Mr.  Almon 
in  his  Parliamentary  Register. 

In  the  general  election  in  1775  Governor  Pownall 
was  elected  representative  for  Minehead  in  Somerset 
shire.  Throughout  this  Parliament  he  continued  to 
oppose  every  measure  that  was  inimical  to  America. 
With  Dr.  Franklin  he  was  on  terms  of  sincere  friend 
ship.  His  writings  on  political  subjects  were  very 
numerous,  among  them  were  "The  Administration  of 
the  Colonies,"  "On  the  Bread  Bill,"  "The  Marriage 
of  his  Royal  Highness  the  Duke  of  Cumberland." 
He  published  many  treatise  on  antiquities,  viz. 
"Notices  and  Descriptions  of  Antiquities  of  the  Prov- 
incia  Romance  of  Gaul,"  "Roman  Antiquities  dug  up 
in  Bath."  Antiquities  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
on  "Roman  Pottery"  and  "Gothic  Architecture,"  etc. 
He  assisted  John  Almon  in  the  compilation  of  "The 
Remembrancer."  He  was  among  those  to  whom  the 
authorship  of  the  Letters  of  Junius  has  been  attrib- 


84  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

uted.  He  wrote  a  Topographical  Description  of 
such  parts  of  North  America  as  are  contained  in 
"The  (Annexed)  Map  of  the  Middle  British 
Colonies,  etc.  in  North  America." 


GENERAL  EDWARD  BRADDOCK 

GENERAL  EDWARD  BRADDOCK  was  the  son  of 
Edward  Braddock  who  in  1709  was  a  major-general 
in  the  Coldstream  Guards.  In  1715  he  retired  from 
the  service  and  died  at  Bath,  15th  of  June,  1725. 
His  son  Edward  entered  the  army  with  the  rank  of 
ensign  in  the  grenadier  company  of  the  Coldstream 
Guards,  October,  1710,  he  was  appointed  a  lieutenant 
1st  of  August,  1716.  April  2d,  1743,  he  had  risen  to 
the  rank  of  a  lieutenant-colonel,  as  a  reward  for  his 
services  in  that  memorable  battle  when  the  Irish 
Brigade  fiercely  swept  away  the  ranks  of  the  British 
(Fontenoy). 

He  was  with  Cumberland  when  he  pursued  King 
Charles  in  the  winter  of  1745-6  and  was  with  the 
army  in  Flanders.  On  the  29th  of  March  he  was 
gazetted  a  major-general  and  in  March  he  was  ap 
pointed  to  the  command  of  the  troops  to  be  sent  to 
America. 

September,  1754,  it  was  decided  to  send  two  regi 
ments  of  foot,  the  44th  Colonel  Sir  Peter  Halket  1755. 
and  the  48th  Colonel  Thomas  Dunbar  to  America. 
The  King's  Independent  companies  in  America  were 
to  be  under  Braddock's  command.  With  his  staff 
and  a  small  part  of  the  troops  he  sailed  on  the  21st 

85 


86  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

of  December  and  as  soon  after  his  arrival  as  he  could, 
summoned  the  different  governors  of  the  English 
settlements  to  meet  him  at  Alexandria  to  determine 
on  the  best  course.  It  was  decided  that  Shirley  and 
Pepperell's  regiments  should  proceed  to  Lake  On 
tario.  Colonel  Johnson  was  to  invest  Crown  Point 
and  General  Braddock  was  to  attack  Fort  Duquesne. 
As  soon  as  M.  de  Contrecoeur  who  commanded  at 
that  fort  heard  of  the  approach  of  the  English 
army,  he  sent  M.  Dumas  with  a  few  French  and 
Indians  to  observe  the  motions  of  the  English.  Not 
hearing  any  brisk  firing  from  them  he  advanced  and 
soon  found  himself  surprised  into  a  victory.  The 
British  troops  fled.  Major  General  Braddock  died 
of  his  wounds.  Sir  Peter  Halket  was  killed.  There 
were  about  200  killed  and  400  wounded. 

General  Braddock  on  landing  had  proceeded 
towards  Fort  Du  Quesne  with  about  1300  men  mostly 
British,  and  the  necessary  artillery,  ammunition  and 
provisions,  leaving  the  main  body  of  the  convoy  under 
the  care  of  Colonel  Dunbar,  with  orders  to  join  him 
as  soon  as  possible.  On  the  9th  of  July  the 
Monongahela  was  crossed  first  by  300  men,  then  by 
200,  then  by  the  general  and  with  the  column  of  ar 
tillery,  baggage  and  main  body  of  the  army.  About 
one  o'clock  a  quick  and  heavy  fire  was  heard  from  the 
front.  The  detachment  of  the  300  men  gave  way 
and  fell  back  in  great  consternation  upon  the  main 
body,  who  were  hastening  to  sustain  them.  The  men 
fell  into  such  a  panic,  and  confusion  that  could  not 


General  Edward  Braddock  87 

be  remedied,  that  the  enemy  obtained  a  complete  vic 
tory,  killing  and  wounding  a  great  many  and  oblig 
ing  the  rest  to  quit  the  ground  leaving  behind  them 
the  artillery,  ammunition,  provisions  and  baggage. 
The  number  of  the  enemy  is  uncertain.  By  one  ac 
count  there  were  about  400  Indians  and  80  French 
men.  But  whatever  may  have  been  their  number, 
they  made  sad  havoc  with  the  British  soldiers  and 
officers.  At  the  lowest  computation  there  were  be 
tween  600  and  700  soldiers,  officers  and  privates 
killed  or  wounded  besides  pioneers,  wagoners,  ser 
vants,  etc. 

Major  General  Braddock  died  of  his  wounds. 

The  aide-de-camp,  Robert  Orme  and  Roger  Morris 
were  wounded. 

William  Shirley,  secretary,  son  of  General  Shirley, 
was  killed. 

Sir  John  St.  Clair  wounded. 

Sir  Peter  Halket  Colonel  killed. 

Lieutenant-colonel  Gage  wounded. 

Captain  Tatton  killed. 

Captain  Gethins  killed  and  many  subalterns  killed 
and  wounded. 


COLONEL  BOUQUET 

WHEN  the  English  learned  the  events  in  America, 
they  resolved  to  send  in  the  winter  of  1754-5  Pep- 
perel's,  Shirley's,  Halket's  and  Dunbar's  regiments  to 
America  to  guard  the  frontiers  and  forts.  The  first 
two  were  destined  for  Oswego  and  the  other  two  for 
Virginia  and  the  Ohio. 

France  learning  of  the  departure  of  these  regi 
ments  for  America,  likewise  resolved  to  send  the 
Queen's  Regiment  and  the  regiment  of  Artois,  Bur 
gundy,  Languedoc,  Guienne  and  Beam.  Notwith 
standing  these  active  preparations  for  hostilities  in 
America,  war  was  not  formally  declared  by  England 
until  May  18th,  1756,  and  by  France  on  the  9th  of 
June  of  that  year. 

Vice  Admiral  Boscawen  sailed  for  America  on  the 
22nd  April  1755,  with  a  squadron  of  eleven  ships  of 
the  line  and  one  frigate,  bearing  in  all  five  thousand 
nine  hundred  and  forty-five  men.  In  1757  part  of  a 
battalion  of  Royal  Americans,  about  1000  of  the 
Pennsylvania,  300  Maryland  and  600  Virginia  pro 
vincials  commanded  by  Colonel  Stanwix  were  ordered 
for  the  protection  of  the  Western  frontiers,  and  in 
Canada  part  of  a  battalion  of  Royal  Americans  com 
manded  by  Colonel  Bouquet,  with  three  independent 

88 


Colonel  Bouquet  89 


companies  and  the  colony  troops  were  to  be  em 
ployed  for  the  same  purpose.  The  Royal  Americans 
was  partly  composed  of  German  and  Swiss  settlers 
in  America  and  was  to  be  formed  of  four  battalions 
each  of  one  thousand  men.  As  it  was  necessary  that 
the  officers  should  speak  German,  an  Act  of  Parlia 
ment  authorized  the  appointment  of  foreign  Protes 
tants  who  had  served  abroad  as  officers  or  engineers. 
Among  those  chosen  were  Henry  Bouquet,  Captain 
Haldiman  and  Captain  Ecuyer,  all  of  French  Hugue 
not  descent.  The  Huguenots  was  the  name  given  in 
the  sixteenth  century  to  the  Protestants  or  Calvinists 
of  France.  After  a  long  period  during  which  they 
increased  in  numbers  notwithstanding  occasional 
persecution  under  Francis  I  and  Henry  II,  the 
free  exercise  of  their  religion  was  secured  to  them  by 
the  Edict  of  January  1562.  They  were  driven  by  the 
violation  of  that  Edict  to  take  up  arms  against  the 
government  of  Francis  II. 

Their  leaders  were  of  the  Houses  of  Bourbon, 
King  of  Navarre  and  Prince  of  Conde  and  Admiral 
Coligny.  They  were  powerful  in  numbers,  in  wealth 
and  consequence.  A  very  large  proportion  of  the 
higher  nobility,  of  the  middle  nobility  and  gentry, 
especially  in  the  central  and  south-western  parts  of 
France;  the  whole  or  greater  part  of  the  population 
in  such  towns  as  Rouen,  La  Rochelle,  Dieppe  and 
Nismes,  finally  a  large  body  among  the  peasantry  in 
some  districts  especially  in  the  south  belonged  to  the 
Protestant  faith.  During  the  wars  of  the  16th  cen- 


90  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

tury  they  gradually  lost  ground,  and  after  the  con 
version  of  Henry  IV  most  of  the  chiefs  among  the 
nobility  abandoned  the  faith.  They  sustained  two 
civil  wars  in  the  following  century  against  Louis 
XIII.  The  most  famous  edict  of  modern  history 
is  the  Edict  of  Nantes  issued  by  Henry  V  in  1598  to 
secure  to  the  Protestants  the  free  exercise  of  their  re 
ligion,  this  after  continuing  in  force  nearly  a  century 
was  repealed  by  Louis  XIV.  The  depopulation 
caused  by  the  sword  was  increased  by  emigration. 
About  half  a  million  of  France's  most  useful  and  in 
dustrious  subjects  emigrated.  About  5000  refugees 
passed  into  England. 

In  the  cities  of  Lyons,  Orleans  and  Rouen,  Bour- 
ges,  Angers  and  Toulouse,  the  royal  orders  for 
massacring  the  Protestants  were  most  implicitly 
obeyed.  In  Provence,  Claude  de  Savoye  Count  de 
Tende,  absolutely  refused  to  pay  obedience  to  so  de 
testable  a  command.  St.  Keren,  governor  of  Au- 
vergne  and  De  Gordes,  who  commanded  in  the  prov 
ince  of  Dauphine,  likewise  declined  to  obey  the  orders 
sent  to  them  for  the  extermination  of  the  Calvinists. 
The  Bishop  of  Liezieux  protected  them  from  injury 
in  his  diocese,  as  did  the  mareschal  of  Matignon  in 
the  city  of  Alencon.  The  number  of  Huguenots  put 
to  death  in  the  various  provinces  is  estimated  as  from 
20,000  to  50,000.  In  1682  the  bishop  of  Quebec 
announced.  "It  is  of  importance  not  to  impair  the 
Edict  prohibiting  Huguenots  settling  in  Canada  or 
Acadie."  General  Henry  Bouquet  of  a  noble  French 


Colonel  Bouquet  91 


family,  was  born  at  Rolle  in  the  Canton  of  Berne, 
Switzerland.  In  1736  he  was  a  cadet  in  the  service 
of  the  States-General  of  Holland  and  in  1738  was 
ensign  in  the  regiment  of  Constant.  Thence  he 
passed  into  the  service  of  the  king  of  Sardinia,  who 
was  at  war  with  France  and  Spain.  In  1748,  he  was 
engaged  by  the  Prince  of  Orange  with  the  rank  of 
lieutenant-colonel.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  war  be 
tween  the  French  and  English  settlers  in  America 
in  1754,  he  was  appointed  by  the  King  of  England, 
lieutenant-colonel  of  the  Royal  American  regiment. 
When  Bouquet  with  his  troops  arrived  in  Phila 
delphia,  he  ^found  that  no  preparations  had  been 
made  for  their  reception.  The  Governor  Denny  ac 
quainted  the  Council  that  notwithstanding  the  order 
given  by  him  to  the  magistrates  and  his  messages  to 
the  Assembly,  and  repeated  applications  made  by 
Colonel  Bouquet  to  the  Provincial  commissioners, 
the  King's  forces  still  remained  in  a  most  miserable 
condition.  The  weather  was  cold,  and  the  smallpox 
was  increasing  among  the  soldiers  to  such  a  degree 
that  the  whole  town  would  soon  become  a  hospital. 
Colonel  Bouquet  appealed  to  the  governor  for 
protection  for  his  soldiers.  A  new  hospital  was 
promised  to  him  by  the  managers,  but  they  drew  back 
from  their  promises  and  he  could  neither  get  the  new 
hospital  or  any  house  for  a  hospital.  Quarters 
were  demanded  for  500  men,  a  hospital  for  the  sick, 
a  storehouse,  a  guardroom  for  an  officer  and  men 
and  billets  for  forty-seven  officers  and  subalterns, 


92  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

or  the  use  of  private  houses.  Warrant  was  given  by 
the  governor  to  the  officers  of  the  city  and  county 
of  Philadelphia  to  provide  proper  quarters  for  the 
troops.  The  plan  of  the  campaign  of  1758  was 
wisely  matured  and  committed  for  execution  to  men 
who  had  reputations  to  sustain  and  fortunes  to 
create.  Abercrombie  commanded  in  chief  with  Am- 
herst  for  his  second,  aided  by  Brigadiers  Wolfe  and 
Forbes.  The  designated  objects  of  attack  were 
Louisburg,  the  forts  on  the  Lakes  and  Fort  Du 
Quesne  on  the  Ohio.  Major  General  Amherst,  with 
12,000  men  aided  by  the  fleet  laid  siege  to  Louisburg, 
and  captured  it,  after  a  defence  of  seven  weeks. 
General  Abercrombie  with  the  main  body  composed 
of  7000  regulars  and  10000  English  troops  undertook 
the  expedition  against  the  northern  forts.  He  first 
attempted  Ticonderoga,  a  fort  erected  by  the  French 
on  the  narrow  neck  of  land  which  divides  Lake 
George  from  Champlain.  He  was  repulsed  with  the 
loss  of  2000  men,  killed  and  wounded.  Among  the 
killed  was  Brigadier-general  Lord  Howe.  He  cap 
tured  Fort  Frontignac. 

The  command  of  the  next  expedition  against  Fort 
Du  Quesne  was  confided  to  Brigadier  Forbes.  His 
force  amounted  to  about  7000  men,  consisting  of 
twelve  hundred  Highlanders,  350  Royal  Americans, 
2700  Provincials  from  Pennsylvania,  100  from  Dela 
ware,  1600  from  Virginia,  250  from  Maryland,  150 
from  North  Carolina  and  about  one  thousand 
wagoners  and  laborers.  The  troops  from  Virginia, 


Colonel  Bouquet  93 

North  Carolina  and  Maryland  were  ordered  to  as 
semble  at  Winchester  under  Colonel  Washington  and 
the  Pennsylvania  forces  at  Raystown  (Bedford) 
where  Colonel  Bouquet  had  marched  his  troops  in 
advance  of  General  Forbes  who  remained  in  Phila 
delphia,  until  the  combined  army  would  be  in 
readiness  to  move  forward.  But  the  ill  health  of 
General  Forbes,  the  difficulties  in  procuring  supplies 
and  means  of  transportation,  detained  the  army  until 
late  in  the  season.  The  general  after  leaving  Phila-  17W 
delphia  was  detained  by  sickness  at  Carlisle.  He  ex 
pected  to  join  Colonel  Bouquet  at  Bedford  in  July, 
but  did  not  Breach  there  until  September,  where  he 
was  joined  by  Colonel  Washington.  Colonel  Bou 
quet  had  then  advanced  to  Loyalhanna.  General 
Forbes  with  the  main  body  did.  not  arrive  there  until 
the  last  of  October.  Unfortunately  Major  Grant 
was  detached  with  800  men,  to  make  observations. 
The  party  was  surprised  and  defeated  by  Captain 
Aubry  with  seven  or  eight  hundred  Frenchmen  and 
an  unknown  number  of  savages.  Their  triumph  at 
Grant's  Hill  ruined  the  French.  The  Indians 
gathered  there  from  the  distant  Lakes  returned  home, 
thinking  that  the  English  were  conquered.  The 
troops  from  Detroit  and  the  Illinois  had  likewise  re 
tired  and  De  Ligneries  had  in  his  command  but  500 
men. 

Post  sent  by  the  Quakers  had  used  his  influence, 
otherwise  there  would  have  been  a  defeat  like  that 
of  Braddock.  Colonel  Bouquet  still  continuing  at 


94  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

Loyal  Hanna,  the  enemy  resolved  to  attack  him  in 
his  camp.  A  force  of  about  1200  French  and  200 
Indians,  commanded  by  De  Vetri  attacked  him  on 
the  eleventh  of  October,  but  was  compelled  to  draw 
off  with  considerable  loss  after  a  combat  of  four 
hours.  A  second  attack  was  made  during  the  night, 
but  some  shells  thrown  from  the  camp  com 
pelled  them  to  retreat.  The  loss  of  the  English 
amounted  to  67  rank  and  file,  killed  and  wounded. 
Upon  the  24th  of  October  General  Forbes  proceeded 
from  Raystown  to  Loyal  Hanna.  He  remained 
there  until  the  17th  of  November.  On  the  twelfth 
of  that  month  Colonel  Washington  being  out  with  a 
scouting  party,  fell  in  with  a  number  of  the  enemy 
about  three  miles  from  the  camp,  whom  he  attacked, 
killing  one,  and  taking  three  prisoners;  among  the 
latter  was  an  Englishman,  who  had  been  captured 
by  the  Indians  in  Lancaster  County,  from  whom  we 
received  information  of  the  state  of  the  garrison  at 
Quebec.  Unfortunately  the  fire  of  Washington's 
party  being  heard  at  the  camp,  Colonel  Mercer  with 
a  number  of  Virginians  were  sent  to  his  assistance. 
The  two  parties  approaching  in  the  dusk  of  the  even 
ing,  mistook  each  other  for  enemies,  a  number  of 
shots  were  exchanged  by  which  a  lieutenant  and  some 
Virginians  were  killed.  On  the  13th  of  November, 
a  force  of  1000  men  under  Colonel  John  Armstrong 
arrived  and  the  general  followed  on  the  seventeenth 
with  4,300  effective  men  leaving  strong  garrisons  at 
Raystown  and  Loyal  Hanna. 


"a  c 


f  C 


5"' 


Colonel  Bouquet  95 


The  garrison  of  Fort  Du  Quesne  unsustained  by 
their  savage  allies  and  hopeless  of  reinforcements,  the 
Canadian  force  lately  engaged  at  Loyal  Hanna  hav 
ing  retired,  held  the  place  only  until  the  approach 
of  the  English  army.  On  the  twenty-fourth  of 
November,  when  Forbes  was  within  a  days  march  of 
the  fort  they  burned  and  abandoned  it  and  escaped 
by  the  Ohio  River.  The  ruined  fortification  was 
garrisoned  by  450  men  under  the  command  of  Colonel 
Mercer.  The  remainder  of  the  army  was  marched 
into  the  interior.  The  Fort  at  Loyal  Hanna  was  re 
paired  or  rather  rebuilt  by  Bouquet  and  its  name 
changed  to  Ligonier  in  honor  of  Lord  Ligonier  the 
descendant  of  a  Huguenot.  The  French  after  firing  ms. 
the  buildings  and  destroying  the  stores  retired  to 
Fort  Machault  (Venango)  and  without  a  blow 
abandoned  the  long  desired  and  dearly  bought  prize 
to  the  English.  On  the  25th  of  November  1758  the 
standard  of  Great  Britain  was  raised  on  the  ruins 
of  Fort  Duquesne.  M.  de  Ligneries  was  ordered  to 
Niagara  with  3000  men,  where  he  took  part  in  the 
battle  and  was  wounded  on  the  arm.  He  had  been 
an  active  officer;  he  had  made  the  campaign  against 
the  Indians  at  Forts  L' Assumption  and  Acadia. 
He  was  at  the  defeat  of  the  Mohawks  and  Dutch  by 
Chevalier  de  la  Corne  and  M.  St  Pierre  at  Montreal. 
Pierre  Francois,  Marquis  de  Vedreuil  Cavagnac,  the 
last  governor  of  Canada  under  French  domination 
was  the  son  of  the  former  Governor  of  New  France 
who  succeeded  M.  de  Callieres  in  the  government  of 


96  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

Canada  in  1703.  His  son  Pierre  Francois  was  born 
in  Quebec  in  1698.  Having  joined  the  military  ser 
vice  he  rose  to  the  rank  of  major  in  the  Marine 
Corps.  In  1733  he  was  appointed  governor  of  Les 
Trois  Rivieres,  a  province  in  Canada,  and  in  1743 
governor  of  Louisiana.  In  1755  he  became  gov 
ernor  of  New  France.  After  his  return  to  France, 
he  was  imprisoned  in  the  Bastile  on  some  charges 
preferred  against  him  by  the  friends  of  Montcalm. 
A  trial  before  the  Chatelet  de  Paris  exonerated  him 
from  all  blame  in  his  administration  of  the  affairs  of 
Canada.  He  was  released  from  imprisonment  but 
stripped  of  nearly  all  his  worldly  possessions ;  he  died 
in  1764. 

On  the  24th  of  November  1758,  Forbes  with  his 
army  took  possession  of  Fort  Duquesne.  The 
French  and  their  savages  were  not  very  remote. 
There  was  no  shelter  excepting  a  few  tents.  The 
army  was  set  to  work  to  build  a  fort  on  the  bank  of 
the  Monongahela,  at  West  Street,  which  was  gar 
risoned  by  200  men. 

A  list  of  Officers  in  First  Battalion  of  the  Penn 
sylvania  Regiment: 

John  Armstrong,  Colonel  Commanding 

Hugh  Mercer,  Lieutenant  Colonel 

Patrick  Work,  Major 

George  Armstrong,  Captain 

Edward  Ward,  Captain 

Robert  Callender,  Captain 


Colonel  Bouquet  97 


James  Patterson,  Captain 
John  N  Weatherholt,  Captain 
Patrick  Davis,  Captain 
William  Armstrong,  Captain 
James  Potter,  Captain 
John  Prentice,  Captain 
James  Hynd  Shaw,  Captain  Lieutenant 
Nicholas  Conrad,  Lieutenant 
Thomas  Hutchins,  Lieutenant  and  Quarter  Master 
Henry  Griger,  Lieutenant 
William  Blythe,  Lieutenant 
James  Hughes,  Lieutenant 
Robert  Anderson,  Lieutenant 
Joseph  Halkner,  Lieutenant 
George  Craighead,  Lieutenant 
Joseph  Quicksale,  Lieutenant 
John  Lytle,  Lieutenant 
John  Philip  DeHaas,  Lieutenant 
Edmund  Matthews,  Lieutenant 
Thomas  Haip,  Ensign 
John  Kennedy,  Ensign 
Hugh  Crawford,  Ensign 
Frederick  von  Homback,  Ensign 
Conrad  Butcher,  Ensign 
Samuel  Montgomery,  Ensign 
James  Pyper,  Ensign 
Caspar  Stadler,  Ensign 
-Orndt,  Ensign 
Andrew  Wilkes,  Ensign 


98  History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

A  list  of  the  Officers  of  the  Second  Battalion  of 
the  Pennsylvania  Regiment: 

June,  1760 

James  Burd,  Colonel  Commanding 
Thomas  Lloyd,  Lieutenant  Colonel 
Joseph  Shippen,  Major 
Jacob  Orndt,  Captain 
David  Jameson,  Captain 
John  Hambright,  Captain 
Levi  Trump,  Captain 
Jacob  Morgan,  Captain 
Asher  Clayton,  Captain 
Thomas  Smallman,  Captain 
Samuel  Atlee,  Captain 
Charles  Broadhead,  Captain 
Jacob  Thearn,  Lieutenant 
Samuel  Humphreys,  Lieutenant 
William  Patterson,  Lieutenant 
Samuel  Miles,  Lieutenant 
Joseph  Scott,  Lieutenant 
Patrick  Allison,  Lieutenant 
Alexander  McKee,  Lieutenant 
William  Clapham,  Lieutenant 
John  Morgan,  Lieutenant 
Caleb  Graydon,  Lieutenant 
Edward  Biddle,  Lieutenant 
Henry  Haller,  Lieutenant 
Adam  Henry,  Ensign 
Francis  Johnson,  Ensign 
Jacob  Morgan,  Ensign 


Colonel  Bouquet  99 


John  Baird,  Ensign 
Martin  Heister,  Ensign 
George  Price,  Ensign 
David  Clayton,  Ensign 
Andrew  Wackerberg,  Ensign 
Courshod,  Ensign 

Per  Tot  Discrimina 

On  the  other  side  are  represented  the  confluence  of 
the  Ohio  and  Monongahela  rivers.  A  fort  in 
flames  in  the  forks  of  the  rivers,  at  the  approach  of 
General  Forbes  carried  in  a  Litter,  followed  with  the 
army  marching  in  columns  with  cannon.  The 
Motto  "Ohio  Brittanick  Consilio  Manuque" 
This  is  to  be  worn  around  the  neck  with  a  dark  blue 
ribbon. 

N  B  General  Forbes  is  of  opinion  that  such  of 
your  officers  as  wish  to  provide  themselves  with  the 
above  medal  should  have  a  copy  of  this  letter  as  a 
warrant  for  their  wearing  it 

Address.  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet  of  the  Royal 
American  Regiment 

General  Forbes  died  in  Philadelphia  on  the  llth 
of  March  1759.  Colonel  Hugh  Mercer  was  left  in 
command 

Officers  at  Fort  Pitt  in  July  1759  were 
Colonel  Hugh  Mercer 

Captains  Waggoner,  Woodward,  Prentice,  Morgan 
Smallman,  Ward  and  Clayton 
Lieutenants — Mathews,    Hydler,    Biddle,    Conrod,. 


100         History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

Kennedy,   Suniner,   Anderson,   Hutchins,   Danger- 
field. 

Per  varies  casus,  per  tot  discrimina  rerum.     Tendi- 
mus  in  Latinm :  sedes  ubi  fata  quietas  Ostendunt 

Virgil  A  1,  201 

Through  chance,  though  peril  lies  our  way 
To  Latium,  where  the  fates  display 
A  mansion  of  abiding  stay — 

Covington 

General  Forbes 

Brigadier  John  Forbes  born  in  1710,  was  a  son 
of  Colonel  Forbes  of  Pittencrieff  County,  Fife.  In 
his  younger  days  he  was  bred  to  the  profession  of 
physic;  prefering  a  military  life  he  purchased  into 
the  regiment  of  Scots  Greys.  He  reached  the  rank 
of  lieutenant-colonel  November  29th,  1750.  He 
ivas  aid-de-camp  to  Sir  James  Campbell  who  com 
manded  the  British  cavalry  at  Fontenoy. 

He  was  present  with  his  regiment  at  Lafelett.  He 
was  given  the  colonelcy  of  the  17th  foot  on  25th  of 
February,  1757.  Soon  afterwards  he  was  sent  to 
America  as  adjutant-general  and  on  the  28th 
December  he  was  appointed  a  brigadier  and  was 
charged  with  the  capture  of  Fort  Duquesne. 

His  force  consisted  of  Highlanders  and  Royal 
Americans.  He  found  the  fort  abandoned.  He 
wrote  to  Pitt  27  November, 

"I  have  used  the  freedom  of  giving  your  name  to 
Fort  Du  Quesne,  as  I  hope  it  was  in  some  measure 


Colonel  Bouquet  101 


the  being  actuated  by  your  spirits  that  now  makes 
us  masters  of  the  Place."  Leaving  a  garrison  of 
200  provincials  Forbes  returned  to  Philadelphia  in  a 
prostrate  condition.  He  died  there  March  1759,  in 
the  forty-ninth  year  of  his  age.  According  to  Bou 
quet  the  success  of  the  expedition  was  entirely  due  to 
him,  "in  all  his  measures  he  has  shown  the  greatest 
firmness  and  ability." 
Washington  also  recognized  his  great  merit. 


FORT  PITT 

THE  general  peace  which  put  an  end  to  a  bloody 
war,  did  not  subdue  the  Indians.  They  were  busy  in 
planning  the  destruction  of  all  the  forts  and  settle 
ments  and  sudden  attack  upon  the  frontiers.  The 
originators  of  the  plan  were  Kiashuta  (Guyasuta) 
a  Seneca  chief  noted  for  his  deceit  and  eloquence 
and  Pontiac  principal  chief  of  the  Ottawas.  He  was 
now  about  fifty  years  old  and  had  always  been  a 
friend  of  the  French.  At  the  close  of  the  year  1762 
he  sent  messengers  to  the  different  nations,  bearing 
with  them  the  war-belt  of  wampum.  In  ancient 
times  wampum  consisted  of  small  shells  strung  to 
gether  and  were  of  various  sizes  and  colors,  black, 
purple  and  white. 

The  Indians  first  massacred  the  traders  and  seized 
on  their  effects.  They  completely  destroyed  the 
property  of  George  Croghan  and  William  Trent, 
who  had  been  for  a  long  time  Indian  traders.  They 
made  themselves  masters  of  Le  Boeuf,  Venango, 
Presque  Isle  and  Sandusky  and  had  entirely  invested 
Fort  Pitt.  Captain  Ecuyer  who  commanded  in  this 
Fort,  took  every  possible  means  to  maintain  his  post 
and  repulse  the  enemy. 

Sir  Jeffrey  Amherst  commanded  in  America  but 

102 


Fort  Pitt  103 

he  was  a  commander  almost  without  troops.  The 
army  which  had  conquered  the  French  in  this  quarter 
of  America,  was  now  almost  destroyed  by  the  West- 
India  service.  It  was  necessary  to  put  an  immediate 
stop  to  the  horrid  cruelties;  he  sent  invalids  to  the 
nearest  garrisons  to  relieve  troops  that  were  fit  for 
active  service.  A  small  body  was  collected  for  the 
relief  of  Detroit.  These  troops  were  commanded 
by  Captain  Dalyell,  he  arrived  at  Detroit  on  the  30th 
of  July  1763.  Pontiac  the  Indian  chief  with  the 
numerous  tribes  had  closely  blockaded  it  and  had 
summoned  Major  Gladwin  to  surrender  the  fort. 
Colonel  Bouquet  was  ordered  to  the  relief  of  Fort 
Pitt  with  the  poor  remains  of  the  forty-second  and 
seventy-seventh  regiments.  These  corps  had  been 
worn  out  by  the  expedition  to  Havanna.  They 
were  the  Royal  Highlanders  and  Royal  Americans. 
Orders  had  been  given  to  prepare  a  convoy  of  pro 
visions,  but  such  was  the  terror  and  consternation  of 
the  inhabitants  that  no  provision  had  been  made  be 
fore  he  reached  Carlisle.  In  eighteen  days  after  his  1763 
arrival  in  Carlisle  the  stores  and  necessary  carriages 
were  ready.  The  county  of  Cumberland  could 
muster  no  militia  to  oppose  the  Indians.  Colonel 
Bouquet  was  obliged  to  depend  entirely  on  himself, 
having  no  further  supplies  to  expect  from  the  prov 
ince,  nor  any  reinforcements  from  the  general,  who 
had  already  given  him  every  man  that  was  in  a  con 
dition  to  quit  the  hospital.  In  the  mean  time  Fort 
Ligonier  was  in  great  danger  of  falling  into  the  hands 


104          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

of  the  Indians.  Its  defences  were  bad  and  the  gar 
rison  weak.  The  attacks  of  the  Indians  were  re 
pulsed  by  the  conduct  and  bravery  of  Lieutenant 
Blane  who  commanded  there.  The  preservation  of 
this  post  was  of  the  utmost  consequence  from  its  situ 
ation  and  from  a  magazine  of  provisions  it  contained. 
Colonel  Bouquet  dispatched  thirty  men  to  join  the 
garrison.  He  left  his  wagons  at  Fort  Ligonier  and 
proceeded  with  pack  horses.  When  near  Bushy  Run 
about  one  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  his  advance  guard 
was  attacked  by  the  Indians,  they  were  beaten  off 
and  pursued  some  distance,  but  when  the  pursuit 
ceased,  they  returned  to  the  attack,  and  were  joined 
by  others.  As  soon  as  the  savages  were  driven  from 
one  place  they  appeared  at  another. 

At  night  the  army  encamped  on  the  battle  ground 
placing  the  wounded  in  the  middle,  the  troops  encom 
passing  the  whole.  The  morning  was  awakened  by 
the  shouts  and  yells  of  the  savages  who  encircled  the 
camp  and  endeavored  in  this  way  to  create  terror. 
Knowing  that  everything  depended  upon  bringing 
the  Indians  to  close  combat.  For  this  purpose  he 
contrived  the  following  stratagem.  He  ordered  two 
companies  most  advanced  to  fall  within  the  circle  and 
their  places  to  be  filled  by  opening  the  files  to  the 
right  and  left.  A  company  of  infantry  and  one  of 
grenadiers  were  placed  in  ambush  to  support  the 
two  first  who  moved  on  the  feigned  retreat,  but  were 
designed  to  begin  the  real  attack.  The  Indians  fell 
into  the  snare.  Mistaking  these  movements  for  a  re- 


Ft  fresgiste 


Fort  Pitt  105 

treat  they  abandoned  the  woods,  advanced  intrepidly, 
pouring  in  a  galling  fire.  The  retreating  companies 
suddenly  turned  upon  them.  The  Indians  resisted 
for  a  time  but  soon  gave  way  and  fled  leaving  many 
dead  upon  the  ground.  The  loss  of  the  Indians  was 
about  60,  that  of  the  English  about  50  killed  and  60 
wounded.  After  their  defeat  the  Indians  removed 
to  the  Muskingum  and  Bouquet  was  able  to  relieve 
Fort  Pitt  without  more  fighting. 

1763 

Account  transmitted  by  Colonel  Bouquet  to  Sir 
Jeffrey  Amherst,  August  11,  1763. 
"Sir  We  arrived  here  yesterday  without  further  op 
position,  than  scattered  shots  along  the  road.  The 
Delawares,  Sfiawnese,  Wiandots  and  Mingoes,  had 
closely  beset  and  attacked  this  fort  from  the  27th 
of  July  to  the  1st  instant,  when  they  quitted  it  to 
march  against  us.  The  boldness  of  those  savages  is 
hardly  credible.  They  had  taken  post  under  the 
banks  of  both  rivers,  close  to  the  fort,  where  digging 
holes  they  kept  an  incessant  fire,  and  threw  fire 
arrows.  They  are  good  marksmen  and  though  our 
people  were  under  cover,  they  killed  one  and  wounded 
seven.  Captain  Ecuyer  is  wounded  in  the  leg  by  an 
arrow.  I  should  not  do  justice  to  that  officer,  should 
I  omit  mentioning  that,  without  engineer,  or  any 
other  artificers  than  a  few  Shipweights  he  has  raised 
a  parapet  of  logs  around  the  fort,  above  the  old  one 
(which,  having  not  been  finished,  was  too  low  and  en 
filaded)  palisaded  the  inside  of  the  area,  constructed 
a  fire  engine;  and  in  short,  has  taken  all  precautions 


106          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

which  art  judgment  could  suggest  for  the  preser 
vation  of  this  post,  open  before  on  the  three  sides, 
which  had  suffered  by  the  floods.  The  inhabitants 
have  acted  with  spirit  against  the  enemy,  and  in  the 
repairs  of  the  fort.  Captain  Ecuyer  expresses  an 
entire  satisfaction  in  their  conduct.  The  artillery 
and  the  small  number  of  regulars,  have  done  their 
duty  with  distinction." 

Sir  Jeffrey  Amherst's  letters  add  to  the  above  ac 
count,  that  by  his  last  intelligence  the  number  of 
savages  in  the  two  actions  of  the  5th  and  6th  of 
August  slain,  was  about  sixty,  and  a  great  many 
wounded  in  the  pursuit.  That  the  three  principal 
ringleaders  of  those  people,  who  had  the  greatest 
share  in  fomenting  the  present  troubles,  and  were 
concerned  in  the  murder  of  Colonel  Clapham,  were 
Kiasuta  (Guyasuta)  a  Senecca  chief,  Custaloga 
Delaware  chief  and  some  Shawnese. 

Return  of  killed  and  wounded  in  the  two  actions 
on  the  5th  and  6th  of  August,  1763,  42nd.  or  Royal 
Highlanders,  1  captain,  1  lieutenant,  1  sergeant,  1 
corporal,  25  privates  killed. 

42nd  Regiment.  Captain  Lieutenant  John  Gra 
ham,  Lieutenant  Mclntosh  and  Lieutenant  Joseph 
Randal  killed.  Lieutenant  Duncan  Campbell 
wounded.  60th  Regiment.  Lieutenant  James  Dow 
wounded.  77th  Regiment.  Lieutenant  Donald 
Campbell  wounded.  Privates,  43  killed  and  46 
wounded. 


Fort  Pitt  107 

It  was  at  this  time  while  waiting  for  orders  from 
General  Amherst  that  Colonel  Bouquet  built  the 
Block  House.  In  1763  there  were  162  houses  in 
Pittsburgh.  To  prevent  the  houses  being  used  by 
the  Indians,  they  were  destroyed,  and  the  inhabitants 
took  refuge  in  the  fort.  There  were  221  men,  73 
women  and  38  children.  The  Indians  having  re 
treated  to  the  Muskingum  were  supplied  with  am 
munition  by  the  French  traders  and  began  revag- 
ing  and  murdering  with  their  usual  barbarity. 

Colonel  Bouquet  was  obliged  to  put  an  end  to  the 
operations  of  this  campaign  not  having  sufficient 
force  to  pursue  the  enemy  beyond  the  Ohio.  The  fol 
lowing  orders  from  his  Majesty  shows  his  opinion, 
of  the  conduct  and  bravery  of  the  officers  and  army. 

"Head  Quarters,  New  York  Jan  5,  1764 

"His  Majesty  has  been  graciously  pleased  to  signify 
to  the  Commander  in  Chief,  his  royal  approbation  of 
the  conduct  and  bravery  of  Colonel  Bouquet,  and  the 
officers  and  troops  under  his  command,  in  the  two 
actions  of  the  5th  and  6th  of  August,  in  which,  not 
withstanding  the  many  circumstances  of  difficulty  and 
distress  they  laboured  under,  and  the  unusual  spirit 
and  resolution  of  the  Indians,  they  repelled  and  de 
feated  the  repeated  attacks  of  the  savages,  and  con 
ducted  their  convoy  safe  to  Fort  Pitt, 
signed  Moncrif 

Major  of  Brigade 


108          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

"To  Colonel  Bouquet,  or  officer  commanding  at  Fort 
Pitt" 

The  Indians  were  not  only  forced  to  give  up  their 
designs  on  Fort  Pitt  but  abandoned  all  the  country 
between  Presque  Isle  and  Sandusky,  but  the  ensuing 
spring  they  again  commenced  ravaging  and  murder 
ing  with  their  usual  barbarity.  To  stop  these  ravages 
General  Gage  resolved  to  attack  them  again  in  their 
own  country.  Colonel  Bradstreet  was  ordered  to  at 
tack  the  nations  living  near  the  Lake,  another  corps 
under  Colonel  Bouquet  were  ordered  to  attack  the 
other  nations  between  the  Ohio  and  the  Lakes;  the 
Delawares,  Shawnese,  Mingoes  and  Mohickons. 
Colonel  Bouquet's  expedition  was  to  proceed  by  land, 
through  deep  woods,  and  an  unexplored  country, 
without  roads  or  posts.  Every  necessary  was  to  be 
carried  with  them,  ammunition,  baggage  and  pro 
vision  necessary  for  the  troops  during  the  whole  ex 
pedition.  Part  of  the  42nd  and  60th  regiment  were 
ordered  on  this  expedition  and  were  to  be  joined  by 
200  friendly  Indians  and  troops  from  Virginia  and 
Pennsylvania. 

The  Virginia  troops  joined  the  army  at  Pittsburgh 
the  latter  end  of  September.  Part  of  the  army  had 
joined  Colonel  Bouquet  at  Fort  Loudon  August 
14th.  While  Colonel  Bouquet  was  at  Fort  Loudon, 
he  received  dispatches  from  Colonel  Bradstreet  dated 
from  Presque  Isle  August  14,  informing  him  that  he 
had  concluded  a  peace  with  the  Delawares  and  Shaw 
nese.  Colonel  Bouquet  and  General  Gage  seeing 


Fort  Pitt  109 

clearly  that  they  were  not  sincere,  but  continued  their 
depredations,  refused  to  ratify  the  treaty.  Some 
Indians  that  presented  themselves  at  the  fort  desir 
ing  a  conference  were  detained  as  spies.  One  of 
them  was  sent  with  a  message  to  the  Indians  that 
Colonel  Bradstreet  had  been  asked  for  peace  but  as 
they  were  still  murdering  the  people  he  would  pro 
ceed  against  their  towns  as  soon  as  the  army  joined 
him.  In  his  speech  to  them  he  said,  "I  will  put  it 
once  more  in  your  power  to  save  yourselves  and  your 
families  from  total  destruction.  You  are  to  leave  the 
path  open  for  my  expresses  from  here  to  Detroit  and 
as  I  am  now  to  send  two  men  with  dispatches  to 
Colonel  Bradstreet  who  commands  on  the  Lakes,  I 
desire  to  know  whether  you  will  send  two  of  your  peo 
ple  with  them  to  bring  them  safe  back.  I  will  allow 
you  ten  days  to  bring  me  back  an  answer." 

On  the  1st  of  October,  two  of  the  Six  Nation  tribes, 
an  Onondago  and  Oneida  Indian,  came  to  Fort  Pitt 
and  endeavored  to  dissuade  the  colonel  from  proceed 
ing  with  the  army.  He  told  them  he  could  not  trust 
the  Indians  and  would  proceed  to  Tuscarowas,  where 
he  would  hear  them.  Having  with  great  difficulty 
collected  his  troops,  he  was  ready  to  proceed  from 
Fort  Pitt  with  about  1500  men,  including  drivers  and 
other  followers  of  the  army.  One  woman  belonging 
to  each  corps,  and  two  nurses  for  the  general  hospital 
were  permitted  to  follow  the  army. 

The  colonel  addressed  the  troops  expressing  the 
greatest  confidence  in  the  bravery  of  the  troops.  A 


110          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

corps  of  Virginia  volunteers  advanced  first.  Under 
cover  of  this  corps  the  axmen  and  two  companies  of 
light  infantry  followed  in  three  divisions  under  the 
direction  of  the  chief  engineer  to  clear  paths.  Next 
marched  part  of  the  42nd  and  of  the  60th  on  the  right 
hand  path.  Part  of  the  42nd  two  deep  on  the  centre 
path.  The  first  battalion  of  Pennsylvania  marched 
to  the  left  of  the  centre.  The  reserve  corps  followed 
and  then  the  2nd  battalion  of  Pennsylvania.  A 
party  of  light  horsemen  marched  behind  the  square, 
followed  by  an  other  corps  of  Virginia  volunteers, 
then  the  Pennsylvania  volunteers. 

The  army  decamped  from  Fort  Pitt  on  Wednes 
day  October  3rd,  and  marched  about  one  mile  and  a 
half.  October  4th  marched  2  miles  following  the 
course  of  the  Ohio  River.  The  next  day's  march  was 
nine  miles  and  a  quarter.  October  5th  they  passed 
through  Logstown.  The  next  day's  march  was 
nearly  10  miles.  October  6th  they  crossed  Beaver 
Creek.  The  next  day's  march  12  miles.  7th  October 
marched  over  6  miles.  8th  October  over  11  miles. 
October  9th  reached  Yellow  Creek.  Wednesday 
10th  over  seven  miles,  llth  crossed  a  branch  of 
Muskingum  River.  12th  marched  over  10  miles. 
13th  crossed  Nemenshehelas  Creek,  marched  over  8 
miles.  15th  the  army  moved  2  miles,  40  perches 
down  the  Muskingham  to  camp  No.  13.  The  day  fol 
lowing,  six  Indians  came  to  inform  the  colonel  that 
all  their  chiefs  were  assembled  about  eight  miles  from 
the  camp  and  were  ready  to  treat  with  him  for  peace. 


Fort  Pitt  111 

He  answered  that  he  would  meet  them  the  next  day. 
He  reproached  them  bitterly  for  their  cruelty.  He 
said  "I  give  you  twelve  days  from  this  date  to  deliver 
into  my  hands  all  the  prisoners  in  your  possession" 
and  they  were  to  furnish  the  prisoners  with  clothing, 
provisions  and  horses  to  carry  them  to  Fort  Pitt. 

Many  chiefs  were  present.  Among  the  most  im 
portant  were  chiefs  Custaloga  and  Beaver  with 
twenty  warriors  of  the  Delawares.  A  chief  and  six 
warriors  from  the  Shawnese.  These  chiefs  and 
Turtle  Heart  were  the  speakers.  The  Indians 
promised  to  deliver  to  Colonel  Bouquet  all  their  white 
prisoners.  On  the  ninth  of  November  206  were  de 
livered  to  him"  in  the  camp  which  he  had  prepared 
and  stockaded.  On  November  18th  the  army  de 
camped  and  marched  for  Fort  Pitt.  For  these  mili 
tary  services  Colonel  Bouquet  received  the  rank  of 
brigadier-general  and  was  ordered  to  Pensacola. 
Before  leaving  Philadelphia  he  made  his  will.  After 
specifying  some  legacies,  he  bequeathed  to  his  father 
if  then  living  or  after  him  to  Colonel  Lewis  Bou 
quet  all  the  effects  of  any  nature  which  he  possessed 
in  the  continent  of  Europe.  To  Colonel  Frederick 
Haldiman  he  bequeathed  everything  he  possessed  in 
North  America  without  any  exception,  upon  the  con 
dition  of  paying  his  debts  and  legacies.  Colonel 
Haldiman  was  his  executor.  He  arrived  in  Pensa 
cola,  August  28th,  1765  and  fell  a  victim  to  the  yellow 
fever  nine  days  after. 

From  a  note  book  which  belonged  to  William  M. 


112          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

Darlington  of  Pittsburgh  is  copied  this  record  of  the 
burial  of  Colonel  Bouquet. 

"On  a  visit  to  London  in  1882,  among  the  Bouquet, 
Haldiman  papers  in  the  Library  of  the  British 
Museum  I  found  an  Inventory  of  the  personal  effects 
of  the  deceased  General  by  his  Administrator  and 
former  secretary  Francis  Hutchinson,  among  the 
items  are  these.  'Paid  six  soldiers  for  carrying  the 
corpse  to  the  grave.  For  furnishing  railing  etc 
around  the  grave  41  pounds  5  shillings.'  There  is 
nothing  to  indicate  the  place  of  burial ;  but  in  an  out 
line  or  ground  plan  of  the  Fort,  General  Bouquet's 
monument  is  marked  in  the  centre  of  a  space,  be 
tween  the  two  ranges  of  Soldiers  Barracks,  in  the 
rear  of  the  Barracks  of  the  officers.  The  monument 
according  to  the  scale  on  the  map  stood  near  the 
margin  of  the  Bay.  Fort  George  or  St.  George  was 
a  strong  stockade,  the  buildings  of  wood.  It  was 
captured  by  the  Spanish  troops  under  Galvez,  May 
8th,  1781,  after  a  siege  of  four  months.  Much  of  it 
was  destroyed.  It  is  not  probable  that  anything  re 
mains  now  of  the  buildings,  much  less  of  the  monu 
ment.  The  Spaniards  occupied  Florida  until  its 
transfer  to  the  United  States  in  1821.  Being  a  Prot 
estant  of  Huguenot  descent  he  could  not  be  buried 
in  the  Catholic  Cemetery  in  Pensacola. 

"The  Redoubt  or  Block  House  was  built  by  Bou 
quet  in  1764  at  Fort  Pitt  and  is  now  the  only  monu 
ment  of  a  soldier  whose  memory  should  be  preserved, 


Fort  Pitt  113 

not  only  by  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolu 
tion,  but  by  all  Americans." 

General  Henry  Bouquet  was  the  owner  of  an 
estate  called  Long  Meadow.  It  was  in  Frederick 
County,  Maryland.  This  county  was  formed  into 
Washington  County  in  1776.  The  Long  Meadows 
was  the  name  of  a  large  body  of  land  extending  across 
Maryland  into  Pennsylvania  a  few  miles  north-east 
of  Hagerstown.  The  first  owner  was  Thomas  Cre- 
sap.  He  built  a  fort  of  stone  and  logs  over  a  spring 
at  Long  Meadows,  now  in  ruins.  Colonel  Bouquet 
was  also  a  member  of  the  Ohio  Company,  which 
owned  immense  tracts  of  land. 

Sir  Frederick  Haldiman,  lieutenant-general,  colo 
nel  commandant  of  the  60th  foot,  governor  and 
commander-in-chief  in  Canada  from  1778  to  1785, 
was  born  October  1718  in  Switzerland.  Like  his 
countryman  and  brother  officer  Colonel  Henry  Bou 
quet  he  was  in  the  Sardinian  army  during  the  cam 
paign  against  the  Spaniards  in  Italy.  He  was  ap 
pointed  captain  with  the  title  of  lieutenant-colonel 
in  the  regiment  of  Swiss  guards  in  the  service  of  Hol 
land  in  1755. 

In  1756  he  was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel  in  the 
62nd  Royal  Americans,  afterwards  60th  foot.  He 
went  to  America  in  1758  and  distinguished  himself 
at  the  attack  on  Ticonderoga,  8th  July  1758  and  by 
his  defence  of  Oswego  against  4000  French  and  In 
dians.  In  August,  1775,  he  was  summoned  to  Eng- 


114         History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

land  to  give  information  on  the  state  of  the  colonies. 
In  1778  he  was  appointed  governor  of  Canada.,  which 
post  he  held  until  November,  1784,  when  he  returned 
to  England.  He  died  at  Yverdum  Canton  of 
Neufchatel,  5th  June  1791. 

Burke.  William    Haviland   was   born    in    Ireland    1718. 

December  1739  he  was  appointed  ensign  in  Spottis- 
wood's  regiment  with  which  he  served  at  Carthagena 
and  Porto  Bello.  He  became  major  in  1750  and 
lieutenant-colonel  in  1752.  In  1757  he  took  the 
regiment  to  America  and  was  with  Abercromby  at 
Ticonderoga  in  1758.  In  1760  he  commanded  a  force 
of  3,400  men  against  Isle-aux-Noix.  He  commanded 
at  the  conquest  of  Havanna.  He  became  lieutenant- 
general  1772  and  general  in  1783.  During  the 
American  War  of  Independence  he  had  command  at 
Whitehaven  for  a  short  time  and  in  1779,  during  the 
alarms  of  a  French  invasion,  he  was  appointed  to 
command  the  Western  district  with  headquarters  at 
Plymouth.  He  died  16th  September,  1784,  at  his 
seat  in  Buckinghamshire. 

Jeffrey  Amherst  was  born  in  1717,  was  an  ensign 
in  the  guards  in  1731  and  aide-de-camp  to  General 
Ligonier,  then  commanding  in  Germany.  He  served 
on  Ligonier's  staff  at  Dettingen  and  Fontenoy. 
His  great  military  services  were  all  performed  in  the 
years  1758,  1759,  and  1760.  His  greatest  glory  is 
to  have  conquered  Canada. 


* 


REDOUBT  OF  FORT  PITT 

BRICKS  in  England  have  several  names  according 
to  their  forms,  dimension,  uses,  method  of  making  etc. 

Compas  bricks  which  were  of  a  circular  form — 
concave  or  hollow  bricks,  flat  on  one  side,  hollowed 
on  the  other,  used  for  conveying  water  underground 
— cogging  bricks  used  under  the  coping  of  walls — 
Dutch  or  Flemish  bricks,  used  to  pave  yards  and 
stables,  vats  and  cisterns.  Clinkers  are  bricks  that 
are  glazed  by  the  fire  in  burning.  Sandal  bricks  are 
such  as  lie  outmost  in  a  kiln  and  consequently  are 
soft — bricks  for  walls  were  made  very  large — 12 
inches  long,  6  broad.  Bricks  are  commonly  red,  the 
method  of  drying  bricks  has  changed  from  year  to 
year. 

Brick  kilns  were  erected  near  cities — bricks  being 
too  heavy  for  long  transportation.  The  chain  of 
mountains  in  Virginia  was  a  barrier  hard  to  over 
come.  General  Forbes  marched  from  Philadelphia 
July  1758  and  did  not  reach  Fort  Du  Quesne  until 
November.  Fort  Du  Quesne  and  the  other  forts  in 
the  west  were  altogether  of  wood,  called  stockades — 
as  was  also  the  first  fort,  a  small  military  work  on 
the  bank  of  the  Monongahela  at  West  Street.  Fort 
Pitt  was  built  partly  of  brick  made  in  the  vicinity — 

115 


116         History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

material  was  plentiful  there.  Clay  and  limestone  for 
plaster  and  sand.  Many  of  the  soldiers  were  me 
chanics  and  for  finishing  the  interior  mechanics  were 
brought  from  Philadelphia.  They  had  one  wagon 
for  materials  and  walked  all  the  way — when  they  had 
finished  the  interior  of  the  fort  they  built  batteaux. 
The  bricks  in  Fort  Pitt  and  Bouquet's  brick  redoubt 
or  block  house  were  laid  in  a  peculiar  way,  called 
Flemish  bonds.  Bricklayers  in  Pittsburgh  still  use 
that  name. 

August    1759 — Captain    Gordon,   chief   engineer, 
arrived  with  most  of  the  artificers. 
(Hugh  Mercer) — "We  are  preparing  the  materials 
for  building  with  what  expedition  so  few  men  are 
capable  of." 

The  fort  erected  by  General  Stanwix  was  four 
sided — two  sides  on  the  land  side  were  of  brick — 
the  others  stockade.  The  earth  was  thrown  up  so 
as  to  form  a  rampart — this  rampart  was  supported 
by  what  military  men  call  a  revetment  or  brick  work 
perpendicular.  During  the  French,  Indian  and 
English  wars  with  America  there  was  no  trade  be 
tween  Europe  and  America.  The  Flemish  ports 
were  closed.  No  bricks  were  brought  from  there — 
we  only  preserved  the  name  Flemish  bonds — that 
name  had  been  used  in  England. 

The  mountains  were  insuperable  obstacles.  En 
gineers  Eyres  and  his  company  of  artificers  walked 
from  Philadelphia  to  Fort  Pitt.  They  had  one 


Redoubt  of  Fort  Pitt  117 

wagon  for  necessary  implements  and  provisions. 
The  error  which  is  sometimes  repeated  even  now  that 
Fort  Pitt  was  built  of  bricks  from  Flanders  has  un 
doubtedly  arisen  from  the  name — Flemish  Bond. 


PITTSBURGH 

PRINCE  GEORGE  was  the  first  name  given  by  the 
governor  of  Virginia. 

The  French  built  the  fort  and  called  it  Fort  Du- 
quesne  in  honor  of  the  Governor  of  Canada.  Gen 
eral  Forbes  took  possession  of  Fort  Duquesne  24th 
November  1758  and  called  it  Fort  Pitt.  The  Indian 
name  for  it  after  the  erection  of  the  fort  was  Men- 
achkink,  meaning  an  enclosure.  Diondaga  (meet 
ing  of  the  rivers ) ,  was  an  Indian  name. 

January  5th  1769,  a  warrant  was  issued  for  the 
survey  of  the  manor  of  Pittsburgh.  It  contained 
5,766  acres. 

In  1765  Colonel  John  Campbell  by  order  of  Lieu 
tenant  Reid,  laid  out  that  part  of  Pittsburgh  which 
lies  between  Water  and  Second  Streets,  Ferry  and 
Market  Streets,  being  four  squares.  During  the 
siege  by  the  Indians  under  the  command  of  Pontiac 
and  Guyasuta,  all  the  houses  outside  of  the  fort 
had  been  pulled  down,  the  people  taking  refuge  in  the 
fort.  In  May  and  June  1784  George  Woods  and 
Thomas  Vickroy  of  Bedford,  by  direction  of  Tench 
Francis,  agent  of  the  proprietaries  laid  out  the  town, 
and  divided  the  residue  of  the  manor  into  out  lots 
and  farms.  By  the  original  plan,  four  lots  forming 

118 


Pittsburgh  119 


the  square  between,  Smithfield,  Second  and  Third 
Street  and  Cherry  Alley,  were  dedicated  for  the  pur 
poses  of  an  Academy.  Five  contiguous  lots  front 
ing  on  Sixth  Street  were  dedicated  to  religious  uses, 
and  were  subsequently  divided  equally  between  the 
Presbyterians  and  Episcopalians. 

William  Perm  devised  his  American  possessions 
to  his  sons,  John,  Thomas  and  Richard,  sons  of  his 
second  wife.  John  visited  Pennsylvania  in  1734  and 
died  without  issue  in  1746,  leaving  his  estate  to  his 
brother  Thomas.  Thomas  married  Lady  Julianna 
Fermor  and  died  in  1775,  his  son  John  Penn  died  in 
1834,  without  Jssue,  his  sister  Sophia  Penn  married 
in  1796  William  Stuart,  Archbishop  of  Armagh. 
His  issue  are  now  the  representatives  of  the  Penn 
family.  Granville  Penn  has  no  descendants. 

In  1779  a  bill  was  passed  24th  November  by  a  vote 
of  40  to  7,  divesting  the  Penns  of  all  land  in  Penn 
sylvania  excepting  the  manors  and  private  property. 
130,000  pounds  compensation  was  allowed.  This 
debt  was  paid  with  interest  within  eight  years  after 
the  peace  of  1783.  January  18th  1786,  an  Act  was 
passed  by  the  General  Assembly  divesting  the  Penns 
of  manorial  rights.  Two  orders  were  drawn  upon 
the  treasurer  in  favor  of  John  Penn  and  John 
Penn,  Jr.  for  the  sum  of  £15000  and  interest  thereon 
from  the  3rd  of  September,  1784,  until  the  1st  of 
May,  1785. 

By  the  treaty  of  Fort  Stanwix  November  1768, 
a  large  extent  of  territory  including  all  the  country 


120         History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

south  of  Kittanning,  east  of  the  Allegheny  River  and 
south  of  the  Ohio  was  ceded  to  the  Penn  proprietors 
by  the  Indians. 

By  a  treaty  made  October  23d,  1784,  also  at  Fort 
Stanwix,  between  the  commissioners  of  the  State  of 
Pennsylvania  and  the  Six  Nations,  viz.,  the  Mohawks, 
Oneidas,  Onondagas,  Senecas,  Cayugas  and  Tus- 
caroras,  all  the  remaining  Indian  lands  in  Pennsyl 
vania  were  purchased. 

In  1787  the  town  of  Allegheny  was  laid  out  in  lots. 
"The  President  or  Vice  President  in  Council  shall 
reserve  out  of  the  lots  of  the  said  town  for  the  use 
of  the  State,  so  much  land  as  they  shall  deem  neces 
sary  for  a  court  house,  gaol  and  market  house  and 
one  hundred  acres  for  a  common  pasture."  The 
earliest  history  of  Allegheny  is  given  in  the  very  in 
teresting  journal  of  Christian  Frederick  Post,  the 
Moravian  Missionary,  on  his  journey  from  Phila 
delphia  to  the  Ohio,  with  a  message  from  the  Govern 
ment  of  Pennsylvania,  to  the  Delaware,  Shawanese 
and  Mingo  Indians  settled  there  and  formerly  in 
alliance  with  the  English.  Post  was  influenced  to 
take  this  dangerous  journey  by  the  Quakers. 

The  withdrawal  of  the  Ohio  Indians  from  Fort 
Duquesne  was  of  great  importance  to  the  success  of 
General  Forbes. 

The  great  danger  to  the  general's  army,  was  that 
it  might  be  attacked  by  the  Indians  when  on  the 
march. 

Post  left  Philadelphia,  July  15th,  1758.     He  ar- 


Pittsburgh  121 

rived  at  Allegheny  on  the  24th  where  he  was  received 
by  the  Indian  chiefs.  The  French  in  Fort  Du- 
quesne  demanded  him  of  the  Indians,  the  Indians 
said,  "We  have  brought  him  here  and  will  not  suffer 
him  to  be  blinded  and  carried  into  the  Fort."  A 
great  many  of  the  French  officers  crossed  the  river 
to  Allegheny,  to  hear  what  he  had  to  say.  At  a 
council  at  Duquesne,  the  French  insisted  that  Post 
must  be  delivered  to  them,  which  occasioned  a  quarrel 
between  them  and  the  Indians. 

On  the  27th  before  day  he  and  his  Indian  followers 
set  out  on  his  return. 

Among  the  chiefs  who  accompanied  him  were 
Shingas,  Killbuck,  King  Beaver,  Delaware  George 
and  Pisquetumen.  The  result  of  this  negotiation 
was  that  the  Indians  refused  to.  join  the  French  in 
attacking  Forbes  on  his  march.  So  the  French 
knowing  the  fort  was  too  dilapidated  to  stand  an 
assault,  burned  it  and  left  the  country  in  barges  for 
Venango  and  the  lower  Ohio.  200  Indians  had  left 
the  fort  and  gone  to  attack  Colonel  Bouquet  at 
Loyal  Hanna.  His  victory  over  them  rendered  it 
impossible  for  the  French  to  gain  the  victory  over 
General  Forbes.  Colonel  Bouquet  remained  at  Fort 
Pitt  until  recalled  by  General  Amherst  to  go  with 
his  Royal  American  battallion  to  the  Carolinas. 


LOYALISTS 

A  LIST  of  names  of  people  who  lived  near  Fort 
Pitt  and  wished  to  settle  in  Canada  under  the  British 
Government  on  lands  provided  by  Government. 
They  are  all  men  who  did  not  take  up  arms  against 
his  Majesty  in  the  late  Rebellion,  but  are  men  (most 
of  them)  who  served  in  the  Highland  and  60th 
Regiment. 

Extract  from  letter  of  Lieutenant  Hay  to  General 
Haldiman. 

Some  of  the  Loyalists  at  Detroit. 
September  1784. 

Mathew  Elliott 

Simon  Girty 

George  Girty 

John  Little  his  wife  and  children 

Anthony  Blackburn  with  twenty  in  family 

Joseph  Blackburn  Jr. 

Conrad  Winemiller 

Jacob  Winemiller  with  eight  in  family 

Peter  McCartney  with  ten  in  family 

John  McDonald  with  ten  in  family 

Alexander  Barr  and  family 

John  Girty  and  family 

Charles  Smith  and  family 
122 


Loyalists  123 


A  McDonald  and  family 
Roderick  Frazer  and  family 
Thomas  Steele  and  family 
William  Richmond  and  family 
Nathaniel  Stokes  and  family 
John  Bell  and  family 
Thomas  Beall  and  family 
John  Taylor  and  family 
John  Ingles  and  family 
James  McClelland  and  family 
Nathaniel  McCarty  and  family 
John  Smith  and  family 
John  Anderson  and  family 
Joseph  Cessna  and  family 
Andrew  Nangle  and  family 


CANADA  AND  SPAIN 

THE  troops  raised  by  the  province  for  the  cam 
paign  were  discharged  soon  after  the  capture  of  Fort 
Du  Quesne.  The  old  troops  were  continued  in  ser 
vice.  On  the  death  of  General  Forbes,  General 
Amherst  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  of  all 
the  forces  in  America.  In  October  a  convention  was 
held  at  Easton  with  the  Indians,  for  the  purpose  of 
settling  a  definitive  treaty  of  peace.  At  the  open 
ing  of  the  council  the  Six  Nations  complained  of  the 
occupation  of  Fort  Pitt  by  the  English.  Immedi 
ately  after  this  conference  was  concluded  Post  was 
again  sent  to  the  Indian  towns  on  the  Ohio  to  com 
municate  the  result.  They  were  willing  to  abandon 
the  French  but  expressed  great  unwillingness  to  per 
mit  the  English  to  rebuild  and  garrison  Fort  Pitt. 
The  British  ministry  having  resolved  to  attempt  the 
total  destruction  of  the  French  power  in  America, 
sent  an  army  of  eight  thousand  men  under  General 
Wolfe  to  attack  Quebec.  General  Amherst  with 
twelve  thousand  troops,  was  commanded  to  reduce 
the  forts  of  Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point  and  then 
join  Wolfe  before  Quebec.  The  garrison  capitu 
lated  on  condition  that  the  inhabitants  should,  during 
the  war,  be  protected  in  the  free  exercise  of  their  re- 

124 


Canada  and  Spain  125 

ligion,  and  the  full  enjoyment  of  their  civil  rights. 
The  news  of  this  conquest  was  the  cause  of  great 
joy  in  England. 

During  the  winter  the  French  made  great  exer 
tions  to  retrieve  their  affairs  in  Canada.  At  Mont 
real  the  Marquis  de  Vaudreuil,  governor-general  of 
Canada,  collected  his  whole  force,  but  General  Am- 
herst  had  a  force  competent  for  the  utter  annihila 
tion  of  the  French  in  Canada,  assisted  by  Sir  Wil 
liam  Johnson  and  General  Murray.  Colonel  Havi- 
land  with  the  troops  from  Crown  Point  having  made 
himself  master  of  the  Isle  au  Noix,  St.  Johns  and 
Chamblee,  joined  them  a  few  days  after.  Before 
this  overwhelming  power  resistance  was  vain.  The 
marquis  surrendered  Montreal,  Detroit  and  all  other 
places  in  Canada  to  his  Britannic  Majesty.  Thus 
ended  the  great  power  of  France  in  America. 

The  subjugation  of  Canada  left  General  Amherst 
leisure  to  attend  to  the  trouble  in  the  south.  The 
colony  of  Carolina  was  visited  with  a  terrible  Indian 
war  which  threatened  its  total  extirpation.  The 
numerous  and  powerful  tribe  of  Indians  called 
Yamasses,  were  the  most  active  in  promoting  the 
conspiracy  against  the  settlements,  they  occupied  a 
large  territory  from  Port  Royal  westward.  The 
principal  Indian  tribes  in  Carolina  were  the  Cataw- 
bas,  the  Cherokees,  the  Muskoghes  or  Creeks,  the 
Chickasahs  and  the  Choctaws.  The  Catawbas  re 
sided  upon  a  river  of  the  same  name.  When  this 
country  was  first  discovered  this  tribe  contained  1500 


126          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

warriors.  In  the  year  1743  they  numbered  only  400. 
The  Cherokees  dwelt  chiefly  upon  the  head  waters 
of  the  Savannah,  the  Catahooche,  the  Alabama,  the 
Tennessee  and  Cumberland  rivers.  When  first 
known  they  could  command  more  than  6000  warriors 
and  possessed  sixty-four  towns.  They  imagined 
themselves  superior  to  all  other  men;  their  name  was 
derived  from  Cheera,  the  divine  fire. 

The  Muskoges  or  Creeks  were  the  most  powerful 
confederacy  in  the  south.  The  territory  claimed  by 
the  original  tribe  extends  from  the  Tombigbee  to  the 
Atlantic  and  from  Florida  to  the  34°  of  North  lati 
tude.  Their  towns  were  stated  at  fifty. 

The  Chickkasahs  and  Choctahs  lands  were  on  the 
Mobile  and  Yazoo  rivers.  In  1759  they  numbered 
2,000  warriors.  General  Bouquet  had  remained  in 
command  at  Fort  Pitt  during  the  year  1760.  The 
brave  Colonel  Montgomery  who  had  conducted  the 
former  expedition  having  embarked  for  England,  the 
command  of  the  Highlanders  devolved  on  Lieutenant 
James  Grant.  The  Royal  Americans  were  com 
manded  by  General  Bouquet.  They  arrived  in 
Charleston  early  in  1761.  A  provincial  regiment  was 
raised  and  the  command  given  to  Colonel  Middleton. 

May  27th,  1761,  General  Bouquet  and  Colonel 
Grant  arrived  at  Fort  George.  On  the  7th  of  June 
they  began  their  march  from  the  fort  carrying  with 
them  provision  for  thirty  days.  A  party  of  ninety 
Indians  and  thirty  woodmen  painted  like  Indians, 
under  the  command  of  Captain  Quintine  Kennedy, 


Canada  and  Spain  127 

had  orders  to  march  in  front  and  scour  the  woods. 
After  them  the  light  infantry  and  about  fifty  rangers, 
consisting  in  all  of  about  200  men.  For  three  days 
they  made  forced  marches  in  order  to  get  over  two 
narrow  and  dangerous  defiles.  Having  advanced 
near  to  the  place  where  Colonel  Montgomery  was  at 
tacked  the  year  before,  they  were  attacked  by  a  large 
body  of  Cherokees  who  rushed  from  the  top  of  a  hill 
and  fired  at  them.  From  eight  o'clock  in  the  morn 
ing  until  eleven,  the  savages  continued  to  keep  up 
an  irregular  and  incessant  fire.  At  length  the 
Cherokees  gave  way.  In  the  army  there  were  be 
tween  fifty  and  sixty  men  killed  and  wounded. 
Colonel  Bouquet  continued  thirty  days  in  the  heart 
of  the  Cherokee  territory.  A  few  days  after  his  re 
turn  to  Fort  George,  several  of  the  chiefs  came  to 
his  camp  and  asked  for  peace.  Thus  ended  the 
Cherokee  war. 

War  with  Spain 

General  Amherst  with  the  greatest  ardour,  carried  name. 
on  his  preparations  to  embark  the  partners  of  his 
former  conquests,  to  reap  fresh  laurels  in  the  West 
Indies.  The  king  rewarded  General  Amherst  by 
creating  him  a  Knight  of  the  Bath.  War  between 
England  and  Spain  was  declared  January  4th,  1762. 

It  was  thought  by  the  English  ministry  that  the 
most  effectual  method  the  English  could  take  to 
annoy  Spain,  was  vigorously  to  attack  some  of  the 
Spanish  settlements  in  America. 


128          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

The  Havanna  on  the  Island  of  Cuba  was  the  object 
selected  by  the  Ministry,  as  the  most  proper  to  accom 
plish  this  end.  The  operations  were  to  be  conducted 
by  the  Right  Honorable  the  Earle  of  Albemarle,  as 
Commander  in  Chief  of  the  Land  forces.  Admiral 
Sir  George  Pocoke  was  to  command  the  fleet.  The 
army  was  to  be  composed  of  16000  men,  four  thou 
sand  from  England.  General  Monckton  was  to 
furnish  8,000  men  and  the  remaining  4,000  were  to  be 
supplied  by  General  Amherst  from  the  continent  of 
North  America.  Admiral  Rodney's  ships  were  al 
ready  in  the  West  Indies.  Among  the  regiments 
composing  the  army  from  North  America  were  the 
Royal  American  Battalions  and  the  Montgomery 
Highlanders  whom  General  Amherst  had  recalled 
from  South  Carolina  where  they  had  been  under  the 
command  of  General  Henry  Bouquet  and  Colonel 
Grant.  On  the  6th  of  June,  Havanna  the  aim  of  so 
long  a  voyage  and  the  object  of  so  many  hopes  and 
fears  was  before  them.  The  Admiral  brought  to 
about  five  leagues  to  the  eastward  of  the  city. 

On  the  9th  the  army  advanced  and  encamped  in 
the  woods  between  Coximar  and  the  Moro.  On  the 
10th  in  the  evening  a  detachment  of  light  infantry 
and  grenadiers  invested  the  Moro.  On  the  llth 
they  carried  the  Spanish  redoubt  upon  Moro  hill. 

A  battery  against  the  Moro  Castle  and  the  bomb 
batteries  began  to  play  against  the  Moro  on  the  20th. 
July  17th  the  Sappers  and  Miners  were  at  work. 


Canada  and  Spain  129 

The  work  was  difficult  on  account  of  the  loose  earth 
and  hidden  rocks. 

About  four  o'clock  in  the  morning  on  the  22nd  a 
sally  was  made  from  the  town  by  1500  men  in  three 
parties,  one  of  which  pushed  up  the  bank  behind 
the  battery,  but  were  stopped  for  near  an  hour  by 
a  guard  of  about  30  men  posted  there,  commanded 
by  Captain  Stuart  of  the  90th  regiment,  till  100  Sap 
pers  and  the  third  battalion  of  Royal  Americans  ar 
rived  to  their  assistance;  on  the  29th  the  mines  were 
sprung  and  the  Moro  stormed  and  captured.  On 
the  llth  August  1762  the  city  surrendered. 

On  the  13th  of  August,  the  negotiations  were 
signed  by  which  the  town  and  the  ships  in  the  har 
bour  were  given  up  to  his  Majesty's  arms.  The  sur 
render  saved  the  remains  of  the  British  forces  from 
destruction.  They  were  very  sickly  and  stood  in 
need  of  fresh  provision  and  rest  and  shelter  from  the 
heavy  rains. 

From  the  first  landing  to  the  15th  of  August 
this  important  conquest  cost  the  English  in  killed, 
wounded  and  prisoners  two  thousand  seven  hundred 
and  sixty  four  men. 

The  first  care  of  the  Earle  of  Albemarle  on  being 
put  in  possession  of  the  place,  was  to  see  the  articles 
of  capitulation  performed  on  both  sides.  The  Span 
ish  troops  were  embarked  for  Spain.  Admiral  Sir 
George  Pococke  ordered  vessels  to  be  fitted  up  for 
the  reception  of  the  Governor  of  Havanna,  the  Span- 


130         History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

ish  Admiral,  the  Viceroy  of  Peru  and  the  Governor 
of  Carthagena;  the  garrisons  were  put  on  board 
transports.  By  the  treaty  of  1763  France  ceded  to 
England  in  North  America  Canada  and  Cape  Bre 
ton  Island.  The  Mississippi  was  recognized  as  the 
boundary  between  Louisiana  and  the  British  Colo 
nies.  Spain  ceded  to  England  Florida.  Spain  re 
ceived  from  England  all  conquests  in  Cuba  includ 
ing  Havana. 


BOUQUET  PAPERS  FROM  BRITISH 
MUSEUM 

British  Museum,  Add,  Mss.  21,649 

The  Haldimand  Papers,  Volume  VII,  page  5 
(Endorsed)  Mr  Croghan  8th  Jan?  1763. 

Received  the  5th  Feb? 

Fort  Pitt  Jany  8th  1763 

* 

Dear  Sir 

We  have  Nothing  New  hear  att  present  Some 
partys  of  Indians  are  gon  Down  to  Warr  to  whom 
Capt.  Ecuyer  gave  a  Small  quantity  of  Powder  & 
Lead 

There  is  a  greatt  Scercety  of  powder  amoungst  the 
Treaders  for  those  parts  which  feed  the  Indians 
Jelouses  of  us  from  ye  Conversation  I  have  had  with 
Numbers  of  ye  Several  Nations  Jtt  is  Clear  to  me 
that  Something  was  Intended  against  us  Butt  I  am 
of  opinion  they  are  Nott  yett  united  So  as  to  at 
tempt  putting  itt  in  Execution. 

There  has  been  Butt  four  prisners  Delivered  up 
yett  by  y*  S hennas  there  are  Several  more  on  ye  Way 
a  Coming  &  I  am  in  hopes  they  will  Bring  up  all  they 
have  &  Deliver  up  In  ye  Spring  Butt  I  have  nott 
that  opinion  of  ye  Dalaways  I  imagen  itt  will  be  more 

131 


132         History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

Difecult  to  gett  the  Prisners  from  them  then  from 
ye  S  hennas 

I  Request  you  will  Lett  me  know  the  Ginerals 
Determination  with  Respect  to  Suplying  Warrers 
or  giveing  Litle  presents  Some  times  to  Some  old 
Chieff  or  other  pour  Indians  who  are  Nott  able  to 
Suply  themselves  by  hunting 

I  am  Sr  with  Great  Esteem  yr  Most 
Humble  Servant 

GEO:  CROGHAN 
To 

Henry  Boquet  Esqr 
Co11  of  Foot 


British  Museum,  Add,  Mss.  21,649 

The  Bouquet  Papers,  Volume  VII,  Page  23 
(Endorsed)  Mr  Croghan  22d  Jan? 

Phild  Jan?  22d  1762 
Sr 

Yesterday  I  Returnd  from  New  York.  Inclosd 
you  have  a  Leter  from  y6  General  and  a  Packett 
from  England  ye  vesel  wh  brought  itt  brought  No 
publick  papers  by  a  Leter  to  Mr  Cunigham  of  ye  19th 
Nobr  Mr  Pitt  was  not  in  y6  Minestery.  Major 
Fulcher  Browning  &  Ewen  has  gott  Rank  of  Left 
Colls  &  Cap*  Maclain  ye  Rank  of  Major  &  Liberty 
to  Rase  a  Betalion  of  500  Men,  No  Gineral  action 
has  hapend  between  ye  armys  att  home  &  boath  pre 
paring  for  Winter  quarters  &  a  Talk  of  Raseing 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum      133 

Several  Regments  in  England  So  that  itt  is  thought 
a  paice  will  Not  take  place  Soon  No  acounts  from 
General  Monckton  Butt  what  ye  see  in  ye  papers  wh 
I  Inclose  you  I  shall  Sett  of  in  a  few  Days  for 
Fort  Pitt  pray  Make  my  Complements  Exceptable 
to  all  the  Gentelmen  with  you  &  blive  me  with 
Greatt  Esteem  &  Regard  your  Most 
Humble  Servant 

GEO:CROGHAN 
To 

Co11  Boquett 


British  Museum,  Add,  Mss.  21,649 

The  Bouquet  Papers,  Volume  VII,  page  28 

Fort  Pitt  Jan^  24th  1763 
Dear  Sir 

Sence  I  Wrote  you  Last  there  has  Litle  Hapend 
heer  in  my  Departm*  worth  menshoning  Some 
Shennas  Came  heer  &  Deliverd  up  four  prisners  & 
yesterday  Some  Cheeffs  aRived  on  the  other  Side 
ye  River  who  haf  brought  four  more  wh  will  be  De 
livered  up  tomorrow  &  those  Cheeffs  tell  me  they  are 
to  Stay  &  hunt  heer  abouts  till  ye  Last  is  brought  up 
in  ye  Spring. 

Cap*  Ecuyer  will  Write  you  ye  News  of  this  place 
yc  Gentelmen  heer  are  all  bucks  Nothing  Butt 
Flutes  &  asemblys  we  Realy  Live  in  Great  harmony 

Sr  I  have  Taken  ye  Liberty  to  Draw  on  you  for 


134          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

£100  in  feevor  of  John  Welsh  for  wh  &  ye  £100  to 
Cap*  Basett  you  will  plese  to  keep  ye  Warrant  wh  I 
Expect  ye  Gineral  has  Granted  for  ye  Small  actt  of 
£18000  pounds  wh  I  was  in  advance  &  Sent  by  you 
I  am  Dr  Sr  with  Great  Esteem  &  Regard  yr  Most 
Humble 

Servant  GEO:  CROGHAN. 


British  Museum,  Add,  Mss.  21,649. 

The  Bouquet  Papers,  Volume  VII,  page  132. 
(Endorsed)  Capt.  Ourry    Dated  Bedford  31st  May 

1763 

Received  the  4th  June. 
Fort  Bedford  May  ye  31st  1763. 

10  o  Clock  A.  M. 
Dear  Co11 

Just  now,  while  I  was  repairing  the  Stockade  of 
this  Fort  on  a  Suspicion  founded  upon  the  late  be 
haviour  of  the  Indians,  &  a  report  (partly  true  & 
partly  false)  of  Mr  Coleman,  I  received  the  disagree 
able  News  from  Cap*  Ecuyer. 

With  respect  to  this  Post,  I  yesterday  musterd 
my  Militia  &  prepared  Some  Musket  Cartridges,  & 
examined  the  Oenes  I  got  repaired  this  time  two 
years. 

You  know  I  have  but  a  Corporal  and  Six  Men 
here,  I  shall  draw  two  from  Juniahe  leaving  only  a 
Corp1  &  one  Man  there  to  attend  the  Canoe. 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       135 

No  more  than  36  Men  able  to  bear  Arms,  resid 
ing  in  this  Town,  &  19  Guns,  very  little  Powder. 
But  the  Settlers  round  about  will  Strengthen  my 
Hands,  I  sent  to  warn  them  in. 

I  shall  use  my  best  endeavours  to  prevent  a  Sur 
prise  and  to  preserve  this  Magazine  from  being  burnt 
or  otherways  destroy'd.  And  shall  not  fail  acquaint 
ing  you  of  any  Material  Occurrences. 

Yesterday  the  Wolf's  half  brother  came  in  here 
on  pretence  of  returning  some  Horse,  he  had  found, 
but  I  Suspected  he  came  to  Spy.  And  I  forbid  Sell 
ing  any  ammunition  to  Indians,  Which  I  now 
understand  he  wanted  to  buy.  I  believe  he  is  gone 
off,  if  not  I'll  Secure  him  as  soon  as  I  have  finished 
and  sent  off  this.  Nothing  can  go  up  now  without 
an  Escort,  And  I  can't  expect  any  reinforcement 
from  above.  I  supose  some  Troops  will  come  from 
below.  Shall  be  impatient  till  I  hear  from  you  or 
rather  See  you.  I  am 

My  dear  Co11.  Very  Sincerely 
Your  most  humble 
&  obedient  Servant 

L*  OURRY 

N.B.     I  am  as  tranquil  as  I  was  a  year 
ago  when  I  bent  my  Leg. 

P.S.     I  shall  Send  immediately  to  Fort 

Cumberland  to  acquaint  Majr.  Livingston, 
&  desire  him  to  send  to  Redstone,  & 
Virginia. 


136         History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

British  Museum,  Add,  Mss  21,649 

The  Bouquet  Papers,  Volume  VII  page  136. 
(Endorsed)  Indian  Intelligence 

Received  the  10th  June  1763 

&  forwarded  forthwith  to  Sir  Jeff. 

Armherst 

Copy  of  Intelligence  Brought  to  Fort  Pitt  by  Mr 

Colhoun  June  1st  1763 

Tuskarawas  May  27th  1763,  at  11  o'Clock  at  Night 
King  Beaver  with  Shingas  Wheyondohela,  Wing- 
inum,  Daniel  and  William  Anderson,  Chiefs  of  the 
Delawares  came  and  Delivered  me  the  following  In 
telligence  by  a  string  of  Wampum 
Brother 

Out  of  Regard  to  You  and  the  Friendship  that 
formerly  subsisted  between  our  Grandfathers  and 
the  English,  which  has  lately  been  renewed  by  us. 
We  come  now  to  Inform  you  with  what  news  we 
have  heard,  which  you  may  depend  upon  is  True. 
Brother 

All  the  English  at  Detroit  were  kild  Ten  Days 
ago,  and  not  one  left  alive.  At  Sandusky  all  the 
white  People  there  were  kild  five  days  ago,  being 
nineteen  in  number,  except  the  Officer  who  Com 
manded  is  taken  prisoner  and  one  boy  who  made  his 
Escape  which  we  have  not  heard  of.  At  the  mouth 
of  the  Twightwee  River  Hugh  Crawford  with  one 
Boy  was  taken  Prisoner,  and  six  men  Kild.  At  the 
Salt  Licks  we  heard  to  Day,  their  was  kil'd  five 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       137 

white  Men,  five  days  ago.  We  have  likewise  seen  a 
Number  of  Tracks  On  the  road  between  this  an  San- 
dusky  not  far  off,  which  we  are  sure  is  a  Party  com 
ing  to  Cutt  you,  and  your  People  off.  But  we  have 
sent  a  man  to  watch  their  motion,  and  request  you 
may  think  of  Nothing  you  have  Here;  But  Make 
the  Best  of  your  way  to  some  Place  of  safety;  as 
we  would  not  Desire  to  see  you  kild  in  our  Town. 
Be  Careful  to  avoid  the  Road,  and  every  Part  where 
Indians  Resort.  Brother  what  goods  and  other 
Effects  you  have  here,  you  nede  not  be  uneasy  about 
them  we  Assure  you  we  will  take  Care  and  keep 
them  safe  for  six  Months,  Perhaps  by  that  Time 
we  may  see  Vou,  or  send  you  word  what  to  expect 
from  us  further.  And  we  know  there  is  one  white 
man  that  belongs  to  you  at  Gueyahoga,  do  not  be 
concerned  for  him,  we  shall  take  care  to  send  him 
safe  Home. 
Brother 

We  desire  you  to  tell  George  Croghan,  and  all 
your  great  Men,  that  They  must  not  aske  us  any 
thing  aboute  this  News,  or  what  has  happend  as  we 
are  not  at  all  Concern'd  in  it.  The  Nations  that 
have  taken  up  the  Hatchet  against  you,  are  the 
Ottawas  and  Chepawas.  And  when  you  first  went 
to  speak  with  these  People,  you  did  not  Consult  us 
upon  it,  Therefore  desire  you  may  not  expect  that 
we  are  to  account  for  any  Mischief  they  do.  and 
what  you  want  to  know  aboute  this  News  you  must 


138          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

learn  by  the  same  Road  you  first  went.     But  if  you 
will  speak  with  us,  you  must  send  one  or  two  men 
only,  and  we  will  hear  Them — 
Brother 

We  thought  Your  King  had  made  Peace  with  us 
and  all  the  Western  Nations  of  Indians;  for  our 
Parts  we  join'd  it  heartly,  And  desired  to  hold  it 
allways  Good,  and  you  may  Depend  upon  it  we  will 
take  care  not  to  be  readily  Cheated  or  drawn  into 
a  war  again.  But  as  we  are  seated  on  the  Road  be 
tween  you  and  those  Nations,  who  have  taken  up  the 
Hatchet  against  you,  we  desire  you  will  send  no 
Warriors  this  way  till  we  are  Removed  from  this, 
which  we  will  do  as  soon  as  we  conveniently  can, 
when  we  shall  permit  You  to  Pass  without  taking 
Notice,  Till  then  we  desire  the  Warriors  may  go,  by 
the  first  Road  You  went. 

Give  a  string  of  Wampum — 

The  following  is  what  Mr.  Colhoun  learnd  on  his 
way  to  Fort  Pitt,  from  one  of  Three  Indians,  who 
were  sent  by  the  Aforesaid  Chiefs  to  Conduct  him 
safe  Here  (viz  Daniel  who  is  before  mentioned  as 
one  of  the  above  Chiefs) — That  Detroit  was  not 
really  taken,  but  had  been  attack'd  by  the  Indians 
four  days  before  the  Messenger  who  brought  the 
news  left  it,  which  Mr.  Colhoun  immagines  must  have 
been  from  Aboute  the  13th  to  the  17th  of  May,  and 
that  the  Indians  had  not  then  mett  with  much  suc 
cess.  But  strongly  persisted  in  Carrying  on  the  At- 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum      139 

tack,  and  Said  they  were  determined  not  to  give  over, 
till  they  took  it.  And  that  The  English  had  sent 
out  three  Belts,  and  the  French  two,  desiring  Them 
to  Desist,  which  they  Refused — 

Mr.  Colhoun  further  says  that  when  him  and  his 
Party  (14  in  number)  were  seting  out  from  Tus- 
karawas,  the  Indians  refused  to  let  them  bring  their 
Arms,  telling  them  that  the  three  Indians  that  were 
going  along  with  them,  were  sufficient  to  Conduct 
them  safe  But  that  the  next  day  passing  Beaver 
Creek,  they  were  fired  upon  by  a  Party  of  Indians, 
and  their  Guides  immediately  disappeared  without 
interfering  for  them,  and  he  is  Convinced  that  they 
were  led  by  these  Guides  knowingly  to  this  Party  to 
be  Cutt  off,  from  which  himself  with  three  of  his 
People,  have  only  Escaped —  . 

Having  lost  his  way  and  faling  in  upon  the 
Road  leading  to  Venango,  aboute  20  miles  above  this 
Post,  He  saw  a  number  of  Indians  Tracks  that  had 
gone  that  way — 

Letter  from  Capt.  Ourry  to  Colonel  Bouquet  at 
Philadelphia  or  on  the  road  up 

Fort  Bedford  June  1st  1763 
Dear  Sir 

Here  is  the  old  Trade  Express  upon  Express  the 
nakedness  of  this  Communication  and  weakness  of 
the  Garrisons  in  general,  have  induced  the  Savages 
to  renew  their  barbarous  Hostilities  and  the  poor  de 
fenceless  Officers  and  their  Parties  have  fell  the  first 
Sacrifice  to  their  bloody  Resentment. 


140          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

As  I  make  no  doubt  Capt  Ecuyer  gives  you  the 
Dismal  account,  I  need  say  nothing  more  than  that 
from  Pitt  to  this  everything  is  yet  quiet,  and  we  are 
preparing  to  receive  the  enemy  at  this  Post  with  the 
best  Countenance  our  situation  will  admit.  I  am  in 
some  hopes  if  they  attack  Pitt  they  will  have  so  many 
upon  the  Esplenade  as  will  discourage  them  from 
proceeding  downwards.  However  I  am  far  from 
depending  upon  that  but  expect  them  here  in  my 
turn,  and  hope  to  give  a  good  account  of  them  also 
in  my  turn. 

If  any  troops  come  up  they  must  bring  Powder 
for  we  have  very  little  here  and  that  damaged.  The 
Traders  here  have  not  an  ounce.  So  that  I  am 
obliged  to  supply  the  Militia.  I  have  armed  them 
and  they  mount  Guard  in  Town  at  night  as  I  do  in 
the  Fort,  where  I  am  about  contriving  to  save  all 
the  Rain  water  it  shall  please  God  to  send  us,  that 
in  case  of  a  blockade  we  may  be  able  to  make  our 
whiskey  a  quenchable  Beverage  and  also  quench  any 
enflamed  Arrows.  Adieu  and  be  sure  I  will  defend 
the  Rats  in  the  Stores  to  the  best  of  my  abilities,  I 
wish  I  could  convert  them  all  into  men,  I  would  not 
begrudge  them  all  the  Flour  they  daily  continue  to 
eat  and  destroy. 

I  am  very  truly  dear  Sir 

Your  most  humble  Servant 

L  Ourry 
PS 
I  write  by  this  express  to  the  Magistrates  of  Carlisle, 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       141 

how  much  it  concerns  the  Inhabitants  of  Cumber 
land  County  in  particular  to  strengthen  my  hands, 
immediately  by  a  Company  of  Volunteers,  as  it 
would  be  a  great  while  perhaps  too  late  before  Troops 
could  reach  this  Post.  I  know  not  what  effect  my 
Letters  and  their  own  Preservation  may  have 

L.  O 


Fort  Bedford  June  3d  1763 
Dear  Sir 

I  have  the  pleasure  to  acquaint  you  that  since  my 
last  to  you,  I  have  not  heard  any  bad  news  from 
above,  indeecl  none  at  all  beyond  Ligonier.  No  In 
dian  has  been  seen  or  heard  of  along  the  Communica 
tion  except  two  (of  those  that  were  lurking  here  last 
winter)  which  were  brought  in  with  two  Squaws  and 
two  children,  by  a  scouting  Party  of  my  Militia, 
which  I  sent  out  agreable  to  what  I  mentioned  to 
you. 

I  have  also  the  Satisfaction  to  find  myself  well 
supported  by  the  generality  of  the  Country  People. 
But  I  assure  you,  the  Panic  amongst  them  was  so 
great  and  unluckily  too  much  encouraged  by  those 
who  had  not  resolution  enough  to  wait  for  further 
Intelligence  that  it  has  been  with  the  greatest  Dif 
ficulty  and  utmost  Exertion  of  my  weak  Oratory 
that  I  could  pursuade  the  wavering  to  remain,  but 
having  once  convinced  the  most  reasonable  of  the 
Folly  of  Flying  from  a  Fort  tenable  and  well  pro- 


142          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

vided,  before  an  Enemy  which,  for  ought  they  knew, 
would  overtake  them  before  night;  and  removed  the 
grand  difficulty  of  those  that  fled  from  their  Planta 
tions,  viz  the  want  of  subsistence  and  lodging  for 
their  wives  and  children ;  the  whole  except  a  very  few 
determined  cheerfully  to  assist  me  in  the  Defence 
of  this  Barrier. 

I  have  accordingly  lodged  and  victualed  all  the 
Families,  that  are  come  in,  and  armed  as  many  of 
the  men  as  were  unprovided  for  their  defence. 

No  less  than  93  Families  are  now  come  in  here  for 
refuge,  and  more  hourly  arriving.  I  expect  ten 
more  before  Night.  My  Militia  Returns  amount 
already  to  155  men  in  two  companies,  under  the 
Captains  Proctor  and  Lewis.  My  Regulars  are  in 
creased  by  Expresses,  etc.  to  3  Corporals  and  9 
Privates. 
No  despicable  garrison! 

We  have  patched  up  two  Spirit  stirring  Drums 
and  our  Parade  makes  no  small  appearance  Morning 
and  Evening. 

My  water  Casks  are  full  and  my  Gutters  prepared 
to  receive,  and  collect  the  drops  from  Heaven. 

My  stores  contracted  into  as  small  Compass  as 
possible  to  make  room  for  the  People  and  their 
Effects  in  case  of  an  attack.  And  I  hope  I  have 
omitted  nothing  to  preserve  the  Post  under  my 
Charge  and  the  Families  under  my  Protection. 

Notwithstanding  the  ready  Assistance  of  the 
Militia  Officers  (who  are  indefatiguable)  frequent  in- 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum      143 

terruprtions  by  numberless  Applications  prevent  my 
being  more  particular.     Let  it,  therefore  Suffice  that 
we  are  all  well,  and  in  good  Spirits. 
I  have  the  honour  to  be 

Dr  Sir  your  most  humble 

and  most  Obed*  Serv* 

L.  O. 

P.S.  I  have  not  heard  from  Lieut  Blane  by  letter 
Since  my  last  to  you,  but  am  informed  by  Travellers 
that  he  has  about  40  fighting  men  including  Pack 
Horse  men. 


Presque  Isle  3d  June  1763 
Sir 

This  Morning  Lieut  Cuyler  of  Quns  Company  of 
Rangers,  came  here,  and  gave  me  the  following  mel 
ancholy  account  of  his  whole  Party  being  cut  off 
by  a  large  Body  of  Indians  at  the  Mouth  of  Detroit 
River  the  28th  of  May  about  eleven  o'clock  at  Night. 
He  tells  me  he  left  Niagara  the  13th  May  with  97 
men,  Ten  Batteaux  and  139  Barrels  of  Provisions. 
He  had  Sergt  Cope  and  Swinton  of  the  Royal  Amer 
ican  Regt,  the  best  Rangers 

Sergt  Cope  and  15  Privates  of  the  Royl  A 


Killed 


Regiment 


Sergt  Furlinger  and  42  of  the  Rangers 

One  Woman  and  child 
Lieutenant  Cuyler  and  3  privates  wounded.     Two 
dead  of  their  wounds  since.     He  has  lost  all  the  Pro- 


144          History  of  Colonel  Henri/  Bouquet 

visions  except  5  Barrels  of  Pork.  Lost  also  Eight 
Batteaux.  He  is  to  return  to  Niagara  tomorrow, 
with  the  two  Batteaux  he  has  saved  and  the  remainder 
of  his  Command.  After  the  affair  he  made  the  best 
of  his  way  to  Sandusky,  but  found  it  Burnt  to  the 
Ground  and  everything  destroyed  about  it.  God 
only  knows  what  became  of  Poor  Mr  Polly  and  his 
Party.  He  also  tells  me  Mr  Schlosser  at  his  Post, 
has  met  with  the  same  fate.  I  have  sent  to  Niagara 
a  letter  to  the  Major  Desiring  some  more  ammuni 
tion  and  Provisions  and  have  kept  Six  men  of  Lieut 
Cuyler  as  I  expect  a  visit  from  the  Hell  Hounds. 
I  have  ordered  every  Body  here  to  move  into  the 
Block  house  and  shall  be  ready  for  them  come  when 
they  will 

I  am  Sir  your  very  humble  servant 

I.  C. 
To  Lieutenant  Gordon. 


Ligonier  June  4th,  1763. 

Sir 

By  the  two  Expresses  from  Capt  Ecuyer,  which 
I  hope  you  have  received,  you  would  be  informed  of 
the  proceedings  of  the  Indians,  therefore  shall  only 
inform  you,  of  what  relates  to  my  garrison  which 
Thursday  last  was  attacked  by  a  body  of  Indians, 
about  five  in  the  Morning  but  as  they  only  fired  upon 
us  from  the  skirts  of  the  Woods,  I  contented  myself 


filial 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       145 

with  giving  them  three  Cheers,  without  spending  a 
single  shot  upon  them,  but  as  they  still  continued  their 
poping,  upon  the  side  next  the  Town,  about  five  P.M. 
I  sent  the  Sergt  of  the  Royal  Americans  with  a  proper 
detachment  to  Fire  the  Houses,  which  (I  believe) 
effectually  disappointed  them  in  their  plan,  for  soon 
after  they  all  disappeared,  nor  has  any  shewn  them 
selves  since.  All  the  inhabitants  from  Bushy  run  to 
Stony  Creek  are  safe  here,  and  by  promises,  I  have 
also  prevailed  upon  a  number  of  Pack  Horse  men 
till  we  hear  from  you,  and  I  hope  that  will  be  soon 
and  effectual.  You  will  easily  perceive  the  great  and 
unavoidable  losses  the  People  whom  I  have  kept  here 
will  certainly  be  exposed  to,  which  I  hope,  the  Gen 
eral,  when  he  considers  the  service  their  stay  is  of 
here,  will  make  as  easy  to  them  as  possible,  partic 
ularly  as  I  have  taken  the  properst  methods  to  ascer 
tain  it,  by  having  all  the  Cattle  they  could  produce 
apraised.  I  have  heard  nothing  later  than  you  from 
above,  only  of  a  number  of  Pack  Horse  men  who  left 
Fort  Pitt  when  the  Express  did,  five  are  missing. 

I  am  so  hurried  with  my  medly  that  I  hope  you'll 
excuse  the  incorrectness  of  my  Letter,  and  believe  me 
with  the  sincerest  wishes  for  your  safe  and  speedy 
arrival  (with  a  proper  force) 

Sir 
Your  most  obedt.  Humble  Servt. 

AECHID  BLANK. 
To  Coll.  Bouquet. 


146          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

Philadelphia  5th  June  1763 
Sir 

I  received  this  Morning  your  letter  of  the  3d  and 
am  much  obliged  to  you  for  the  timely  supply  of 
Powder  you  propose  to  send  to  Fort  Bedford.  But 
it  is  necessary  to  procure  a  sufficient  Escort  from 
the  County  of  Cumberland  to  prevent  its  falling  in 
the  Hands  of  Indians  should  they  come  so  far  down. 
If  the  People  have  any  Notion  of  the  Importance  of 
that  Post  to  cover  their  settlements  they  cannot  be 
so  far  wanting  to  their  own  Interest  as  to  neglect  to 
support  it  while  it  is  in  their  Power;  till  Troops  can 
be  sent  up  which  must  require  time.  The  Governor 
writes  to  urge  that  Service,  and  I  know  you  will  do 
your  utmost  to  forward  it,  and  dispatch  that  Powder 
as  soon  as  you  can  obtain  an  Escort 

I  am  &cet 

HENRY  BOUQUET 
To  Captain  Robert  Callender 


Philadelphia  5th  June  1763  A.M. 
Dear  Sir 

I  received  last  Night  and  this  Morning  your  Let 
ters  of  29th  May  and  June  with  the  account  of  this 
fatal  Insurrection.  I  have  dispatched  two  Ex 
presses  to  the  General,  who  will,  no  doubt,  order 
forthwith  Troops  to  your  assistance.  But  as  it  will 
require  more  Time  than  you  can  perhaps  wait  for  I 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       147 

have  applied  to  Govr  Hamilton,  who  has  wrote  to 
the  Magistrates  of  Cumberland  County  to  assist  you 
with  all  their  Power,  and  I  write  to  Capt  Callender 
to  forward  to  you  as  soon  as  he  can  procure  a  suffi 
cient  Escort,  ten  Horses  loaded  with  Powder,  which 
you  are  not  to  send  further  up  till  you  know  cer 
tainly  that  there  can  be  no  Danger  of  its  falling  into 
the  Hands  of  the  Enemy.  You  will  not  be  attacked 
but  you  are  very  right  to  guard  with  the  utmost  Pre 
caution,  against  a  Surprise.  As  you  have  abundance 
of  Casks  you  can  collect  water  from  the  Creek  to 
put  out  Fire  if  necessary.  I  shall  acquaint  you  with 
the  Orders  I  shall  receive  concerning  the  Department, 
and  must  remain  here  till  then,  as  I  can  do  nothing 
by  going  up  at  present.  Inform  me  of  every  thing 

I  am  &ct 

material.  You  may  be  sure  that  nothing  will  be 
postponed  to  put  you  soon  out  of  all  danger.  I 
wish  we  could  as  easily  relieve  our  unfortunate 
Friends  scattered  in  the  Woods. 

HENRY  BOUQUET 
To  Captain  Ourry 


Letter  to  Captain  Ecuyer 

Philadelphia  the  5th  June  1763 
Dear  Sir 

I  received  last  Night  and  this  Morning  your  Let 
ters  of  the  29th  and  30th  May,  of  which  I  sent  proper 
Extracts  to  the  General  who  will  certainly  order 


148          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

Troops  to  your  Relief  with  the  greatest  Dispatch. 
I  am  in  no  aprehension  for  your  Post  where  no  In 
dians  will  ever  dare  to  attack  you  openly,  what  you 
are  to  Guard  against  is  a  Surprize,  to  prevent  which 
besides  the  Greatest  Vigilance  in  the  Fort,  I  doubt 
not  but  you  keep  constant  Patroles  out,  particularly 
in  the  Night  when  your  people  ought  to  be  kept 
at  their  alarm  Posts  lying  on  their  Arms  and 
resting  in  the  day  time.  Be  as  saving  of  your 
Powder  as  you  possibly  can,  till  you  receive  a  new 
Supply  with  the  first  Regiment  that  will  be  sent 
up. 

I  wrote  you  some  time  ago  to  Discharge  all  the 
Ship  Carpenters  as  soon  as  they  had  finished  the 
Twenty  Batteaux.  Mr  Sanhurst  being  prefered 
must  be  struck  off  the  Rolls  and  Returns,  his  Place 
is  not  yet  filled.  You  will  acquaint  me  with  every 
material  circumstance  as  long  as  the  communication 
will  be  open.  I  wait  only  for  the  Generals  Orders 
to  join  you.  In  the  mean  time  I  hope  to  send  some 
Militia  to  Ourry,  and  the  stores  he  wants  to  be  kept 
in  Readiness  at  Bedford  for  your  Post.  Mr  Croghan 
is  on  his  way  up  but  wont  be  able  to  join  you  till  he 
has  an  Escort 

I  am  dear  Sir 

HENRY  BOUQUET 

Copy  of  Letter  to  Capt.  Ecuyer  the  5th  June  1763 
by  Long  Express. 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       149 

Fort  Bedford  June  7th  3  o'clock  PM 
Sir 

After  inclosing  you  the  within  Letters  I  have  only 
to  tell  you  that  I  am  provided  and  prepared  to  make 
Deffence  untill  I  receive  succours,  unless  I  should  be 
deserted  by  the  country  People,  in  which  case  very 
Superior  Numbers  may  fatigue  my  Dozzen  of  Royal 
Americans  to  Death.  As  to  myself  I  find  I  can 
bear  a  great  deal.  Since  the  Allarm,  I  never  lie 
down  till  about  twelve.  I  am  walking  about  the  fort 
between  2  and  3  in  the  morning,  turning  out  the 
Guards,  and  sending  out  patrols,  before  I  suffer  the 
Gates  to  remain  open.  I  have  got  penns  close  un 
der  the  Fort  in  which  the  cattle  is  drove  in  the  Eve 
ning  by  the  Gross  Guard.  My  greatest  Difficulty 
is  to  keep  my  undiciplined  Militia  from  Stragling  by 
twos  and  threes  to  their  dear  plantations  thereby  ex 
posing  themselves  to  be  scalped  and  weakening  my 
garrison  by  such  numbers  absenting  themselves. 
They  are  still  in  good  Spirits,  but  they  dont  know 
all  the  bad  news.  I  shall  use  all  means  to  prevail 
on  them  to  stay  till  some  Troops  come  up.  I  have 
made  the  Fort  very  roomly,  and  have  thrown  down 
the  Redoubt,  and  acquainted  the  Inhabitants  that 
these  were  stores  prepared  to  receive  their  Effects, 
which  I  advised  them  (from  the  first  Allarm)  to  have 
ready  packt  taking  in  on  the  shortest  notice,  as  pos 
sibly  I  should  be  under  the  necessity  of  burning  some 
of  their  Houses. 


150          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

I  fear  much  for  Ligonier,  the  communications  be 
tween  this  and  Fort  Pitt,  at  least  beyond  Ligonier 
is  entirely  cut  off.  I  long  to  see  my  Indian  Scout 
come  in  with  Intelligence.  But  I  long  more  to  hear 
the  Grenadiers  March,  and  to  see  some  more  Red 
Coats. 

Farewell  for  I  will  not  detain  the  Express,  who  is 
just  this  moment  come  in  by  the  way  of  Fort  Cum 
berland 

I  am  most  Sincerely  yours 

L.  OURRY 

P.S.  The  appearance  of  an  Officer  from  below  or 
on  Express  with  the  News  of  some  Troops  being  on 
their  March  up,  would  greatly  enliven  the  Spirits  of 
my  Militia,  hitherto  kept  up  by  my  Eloquence,  which 
I  am  afraid  will  not  be  sufficient  when  they  come  to 
know  all. 
To  Colonel  Bouquet,  at  Philadelphia. 


Carlisle  June  8th  1763 

Dear  Sir 

By  this  Express  you  will  Receive  y6  Intelgence  of 
Mr.  Colhoon  by  wh  itt  apeers  that  ye  Delaways  have 
all  Declared  against  us,  as  you  have  known  My  opin 
ion  on  this  head  Some  Time  ago  I  Need  Say  Noth 
ing  Now  on  ye  Subjectt  as  itt  will  Nott  Bear  Laffing 
att  as  usual  by  his 

I  have  Wrote  Sr  William  Johnson  and  Inclosd 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       151 

him  a  Copy  of  ye  Intilegence  wh  you  will  plese  to 
forward. 

Plese  to  aquaint  Governor  Amilton  that  I  heve 
herd  this  Evening  that  Co11  Bird  &  Cap*  Mchee  hes 
Nott  proceeded  to  Disposses  the  New  England  peo 
ple  having  Received  an  Acount  from  Fort  Agusta 
that  ye  Indians  on  Susquehenna  have  Summond  y® 
Garrison  to  Remove  or  that  they  wold  cut  them  of 
— I  will  Proceed  tomorrow  for  bedford  and  Indeavor 
to  gett  Some  Men  to  Escort  ye  Powder  &  Lead  up 
there  I  am  Dr  Sr 

yr  Most  Humble  Serv* 

GEO:  CROGHAN 


Fort  Bedford  June  9th  1763 

6  o'clock  AM 
Dear  Sir 

I  shall  miss  no  opportunity  of  writing  to  you  in 
this  critical  Juncture,  tho  I  am  now  apprehensive  my 
letters  may  not  come  to  hand  as  I  suppose  you  are 
on  the  road.  Therefore  for  the  future  I  shall  write 
directly  to  Sir  Jeffrey  Amherst,  till  I  have  the  pleas 
ure  of  seeing  you  or  some  other  red  coat  from  below. 
Since  my  last  to  you  of  the  7th  with  the  Packet  from 
Fort  Pitt,  I  have  nothing  material.  A  false  Allarm 
yesterday  threw  all  the  Inhabitants  in  such  a  con 
sternation,  that  they  were  all  packing  up  and  moving 
off,  nay,  some  without  taking  anything  with  them, 
that  might  in  the  least  impede  their  flight,  and  I  sup- 


152         History  of  Colonel  Henri/  Bouquet 

pose  that  before  Night  I  should  not  have  had  twenty 
men  left,  if  any  except  the  Soldiers,  had  I  not  been 
luckily  possest  of  a  Letter  the  date  of  which  con 
vinced  the  People  of  the  mistake.  A  man  that  was 
missing  at  Ligonier  and  had  been  in  the  Woods  ever 
since  the  3rd  (the  day  of  the  attack)  came  in  here 
half  starved  and  reported,  before  he  spoke  to  me,  that 
the  Indians  had  burnt  the  Fort  Ligonier  and  de 
stroyed  the  Garrison,  this  he  affirmed  Saying  that 
he  saw  the  Fire  burning  on  Friday  about  dusk  on 
the  Spot  where  the  Fort  stood,  and  what  confirmed 
the  People  here  of  the  truth  of  this  Disaster,  was  that 
he  also  said  he  had  seen  a  matter  of  50  Indians  upon 
the  Allegchany  on  Monday  Evening.  As  soon  as 
he  came  to  me  I  asked  him  a  few  questions,  and  on 
comparing  circumstances  I  found  and  convinced  the 
People  that  the  Fire  he  saw  was  from  the  houses, 
Lieut  Blane  had  caused  to  be  burnt,  as  his  letter  to 
me  was  dated  the  3d  at  8  o'clock  PM  (which  was  an 
hour  later  than  the  Man  had  seen  the  Fire)  and  the 
Express  that  brought  it  did  not  set  out  from  Ligonier 
till  Saturday  the  4th  and  brought  with  him  two  let 
ters  dated  the  4th. 

As  to  the  50  Indians,  upon  asking  him  if  he  had 
counted  any  number  even  20  or  10  or  6  he  said  No, 
but  that  they  seemed  to  be  a  great  many,  sitting  down, 
and  only  one  stood  up  which  he  saw  very  plain,  and 
by  the  Discription  of  the  dress,  paint,  time  and  place, 
they  were  my  Indian  Scout  who  sat  out  from  hence 
that  morning  and  were  to  lay  there  that  night. 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       153 

I  mention  this  to  show  the  little  dependence  there 
is  on  Men  that  are  not  immediately  under  command. 
I  am  pretty  confident  that  the  appearance  they  make 
upon  the  Parade  is  what  keeps  off  the  Savages,  there 
for  I  would  fain  prevail  on  them  to  stay  till  Troops 
come  up,  which  they  seem  resolved  to  do  now.  If 
I  had  but  a  Letter  to  produce  with  an  authority 
(whether  true  or  false)  of  their  being  on  the  March, 
it  would  give  them  Spirits  and  encourage  their  prese- 
verance. 

The  Inhabitants  of  the  Town  are  very  hearty. 
The  Settlers  that  have  fled  from  their  Plantations  are 
the  most  wavering.  I  am  obliged  to  harangue  often 
and  not  without  Effect,  as  I  know  what  way  to  take 
them,  and  many  having  known  me  long  have  some 
confidence  in  me. 

We  live  entirely  on  fresh  Beef  to  save  our  own  Salt 
Pork.  I  kill  no  Sheep  neither  because  I  can  keep 
them  in  the  Fort  easily  in  case  of  a  Blockade.  And 
I  have  order'd  a  quantity  of  Biscuit  to  be  baked  for 
Scouting  Parties,  etc.  as  well  as  to  have  Some  to  eat 
in  the  Fort,  still  we  could  get  an  Oven  up  in  case  we 
should  be  shut  up. 

Tho'  I  take  all  these  precautions,  and  many  others, 
I  am  of  opinion  the  Indians  will  not  Attack  this 
Post,  nor  indeed  commit  any  Hostilities  (at  least  yet 
awhile)  on  this  Side  of  the  Mountains,  which  I  sup 
pose  they  look  upon  as  the  Limits — tho'  I  may  be 
out  in  my  Politicks,  and  therefore  prepare  for  them. 

The  Garrison  of  Fort  Burd,  with  the  Suttlers,  are 


154          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

arrived  Safe  at  F.  Cumberld,  with  a  quantity  of 
Goods  belonging  to  Cap"  Shelby. 

The  Serj*  threw  four  Casks  of  Powder  in  the 
Monongehella  &  buried  900  Ibs  of  Lead. 

Majr  Livingston  also  informs  me  that  his  Fort 
is  now  deffencible,  that  he  has  formed  two  Companies 
of  Militia,  but  that  he  is  crowded  like  one  with 
Women  and  Children,  that  he  can  be  plentifully  Sup 
plied  with  fresh  Meat,  but  is  scarce  of  Flour. 

Yesterday  I  sent  him  upwards  of  1800  Ibs.  of 
Flour,  by  Some  Horses  that  are  gone  for  Indian 
Corn. 

I  am  Sending  a  party  to  meet  a  Drove  of  Cattle, 
I  expect  from  Col1  Cresap  belonging  to  Captn  Cal- 
lender,  intended  for  Detroit. 

Adieu  for  they  &  the  Working  partys  are  on  the 
Parade  &  you  know  I  must  attend. 
I  am  most  Sincerely 
Dear  Sir 

Yr  most  Obedient 
humble  Servant 

L  OURRY 

P.S.  the  Signal  of  our  Indian  Scouts  is  a  piece  of  our 
Regimental  White  Lace  round  the  head  of  one  of  the 
Party,  &  on  seeing  friends  they  all  display  a  yard  or 
two  of  it  in  their  hands.  I  have  made  this  as  pub- 
lich  as  possible. 

Col1  Bouquet. 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       155 

From  Captain  Ourry  to  Col  Bouquet 

Fort  Bedford  10th  June  1763 
Dear  Sir 

This  morning  at  one  o'clock  I  received  yours  of 
the  5th  by  Long  the  express,  and  have  sent  up  the 
inclosed  to  Capt.  Ecuyer,  by  one  of  my  Militia  Men. 
My  scouting  Party  returned  yesterday,  but  had  not 
so  good  success  as  the  time  before,  they  were  two  or 
three  days  too  late,  or  they  would  have  caught  old 
Hichquesheens  and  his  gang,  they  were  out  four  days, 
and  were  upwards  of  40  mils  from  hence  thro'  the 
woods,  and  did  not  see  one  Indian.  This  day  I  ex 
amined  John  Hudson  one  of  the  Indians  brought  in 
the  other  day  to  try  if  I  could  get  from  him  the 
Motive  of  the  late  Insurrections,  and  what  other 
Intelligence  might  be  of  use  to  the  General,  which 
I  have  accordingly  inclosed  to  Sir  Jeffry  Am- 
herst. 

If  the  Province  intends  to  raise  Troops  they  may 
have  two  Companies  compleat  here  in  two  hours. 
One  half  of  the  Militia  being  ready  willing  and  de 
sirous  of  inlisting  under  their  present  Officers,  (but 
that  I  suppose  the  Assembly  won't  allow)  I  have 
mentioned  it  to  Governor  Hamilton  as  a  very  favor 
able  opportunity  of  having  two  Companies  nearly 
compleat  in  two  hours  and  immediately  on  service 
they  being  actually  on  duty  as  volunteers.  As  I  am 
in  hopes  this  will  meet  you  almost  before  it  is  dry,  I 
shall  say  no  more  but  that  I  am  Tout  a  vous 

Lieutenant  Ourry. 


156          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

Alls  well 
I  have  no  candles 

I  wrote  you  yesterday  by  one  John  Guygers  that 
was  to  go  by  Louderon  and  Chombas  to  Marsh 
Creek,  I  dont  expect  you  will  get  that  letter  and 
perhaps  not  this,  for  which  reason  I  have  wrote  di 
rectly  to  General  Amherst 
To  Colonel  Boquet 


Ligonier  June  Friday  10th  1763 
Dear  Colonel 

I  sent  you  an  Express  last  Saturday,  to  make  you 
acquainted  with  my  situation,  when  I  acquainted  you 
that  I  forwarded  an  Express  from  Capt  Ecuyer 
upon  the  30th  of  May,  and  another  the  31st,  I  hope 
all  reached  you  in  safety.  In  the  Express  which  I 
sent  you  I  mentioned  that  the  Indians  had  fired  upon 
this  post,  and  since  I  find  they  have  killed  and  carried 
off  a  great  number  of  Horses  and  I  am  likewise 
afraid,  one  Richd  Shannon  (who  unluckily  straggled 
out  by  himself  that  morning)  has  also  fallen  into 
their  Hands. 

This  Express  I  send  you  for  two  reasons  first  to 
acquaint  you  that  I  have  heard  nothing  from  Pitts 
burgh  since  the  Express  mentioned  above,  as  well  as 
to  satisfy  the  Garrison  of  this  place,  and  to  request, 
that  you  would  use  your  endeavour  to  throw  in 
Succors  by  the  16th  Inst.  at  farthest.  You  no  doubt 
can  guess  the  reason  of  my  request. 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       157 

I  can  ascribe  no  reason  for  Cap*  Ecuyer's  Silence, 
unless  it  be  the  watchfulness  of  the  Indians,  who  I 
doubt  not  keep  a  very  sharp  look  out,  perhaps  it 
may  be  owing  to  his  having  nothing  new  to  inform 
you  of  but  whatever  may  be  his  reasons  I  beg  you 
wont  look  upon  this  to  proceed  from  any  disposition 
in  me,  to  give  you  additional  trouble,  but  that  I  am 
with  the  most  fixed  resolve  to  do  my  utmost  what 
ever  may  hapen 

Sir 

Your  most  obed*  Humble  Serv* 

A  Blane 
To  Col1  Bouquet 


Carlisle  13th  June  1763 
Dear  Colonel 

Having  been  over  the  Mountain  for  these  few 
Weeks  past,  I  could  not  sooner  acknowledge  the  re 
ceipt —  (MS  torn  away  and  much  stained) — very 

friendly  Letter,  which  on  my  return  I  found 

with  regard  to  the  Indians  Depredations 

first  of  the  Alleghanys  Cap1  Trents  Letter  to  his 
Wife  and  the  Indian  Speech  to  Calhoon,  is  all  I 
have  yet  seen  in  writing  and  should  have  sent  you 
a  Copy  of  the  latter  had — been  persuaded  you  have 
some  time  ago  been  furnish'd  with — piece  of  Intel 
ligence — all  things  will  yet  work  together  for  good 
tho*  another  bloody  Scene  may  now  be  at  the  Door, 
which  doubtless  will  retard  your  proceeding  down  the 


158          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

River,  but  at  length,  put  that  design  on  more  Safe 
and  respectable  footing.  I  am  distress'd  for  the 
State  of  our  Frontier,  scatter'd  and  already  thrown 
into  great  confusion  and  difficulty  as  the  people  al 
ready  are  thro'  Pannick  infatuation  and  lyes.  I  have 
wrote  the  Governor  a  few  lines  on  this  matter,  and 
am  this  morning  a  Setting  out  for  the  North  Side 
of  the  Hills,  in  Order  if  possible  to  prevent  such  a 
ruinous  and  Shamefull  flight.  Ammunitions  is 
greatly  wanted  throughout  this  County. 

As  I  write  a  letter  from  Cap1  Ourry  came  to  hand 
of  the  10th  Inst  all  is  yet  well  there  by  the  bearer 
I  under st  [torn  away]  to  his  Honr  and  One  to  you 
on  the  same  Subject  to  which  I  can  say  nothing  more 
than  that  the  Spirit  and  diligence  of  those  people 
ought  to  meet  with  some  kind  of  reward,  tho'  should 
the  War  become  general,  the  granting  of  Commis 
sions  I  now  know  will  require  caution,  even  as  a 
Militia,  in  which  Style  only  the  Governor  can  at  pres 
ent  grant,  and  what  may  be  proper  enough  at  Bed 
ford  for  the  present,  I  have  just  rec'd  Some  pressing 
requests  from  the  Frontier  for  Ammunition  and 
Arms — the  former  should  be  immediately  sent  on 
some  footting  or  other. 

I  am  dear  Coll.  Your  most 

Obed*.  Humb1.  Serv*. 

JOHN  ARMSTRONG 

The  Ammunition  is  gone  Safe  to  Cap1  Ourry  by 
Volunteers. 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       159 

Philada  14th  June  1763 
Dear  Sir 

I  rec'd  the  10th  your  Letter  and  duplicate  of  2d 
Instant  which  I  transmitted  to  the  Gen1  who  has  sent 
Troops  to  your  Relief.  They  will  take  under  their 
Escort  what  may  be  necessary  at  your  Post  and  make 
all  the  Dispatch  that  the  Distance  and  the  Roads 
will  admit  of 

I  cannot  sufficiently  express  to  you  my  entire 
Satisfaction  of  the  prudent  and  spirited  Measures 
you  have  taken  to  put  the  Fort  out  of  all  Insult  and 
be  able  to  prevent  any  Surprise.  The  Zeal  shewn 
on  this  Occasion  by  the  Officer  and  Men,  as  well  as 
the  Inhabitants,  does  them  the  greatest  Honour,  and 
gives  the  People  here  the  most  sanguine  Hopes  of 
seeing  the  Savages  soon  reduced  by  such  brave  Men, 

I  was  glad  to  hear  that  Burent  continues  to  de 
serve  your  Approbation;  His  faithful  Services  will 
I  hope  be  rewarded  and  I  shall  not  be  sparing  of  my 
Recommendations 

The  Savages  have  blundered  so  much  in  not  at 
tempting  to  surprise  our  Posts  that  we  must  enter 
tain  the  most  contemptible  Opinion  of  their  Courage 
and  Intellects. 

Their  Lies  about  Detroit  give  me  some  Hopes  that 
Sandusky  is  not  lost.  I  flatter  myself  that  we  shall 
be  able  to  disengage  Venango  and  Le  Boeuf  if  they 
have  Provisions  for  some  time. 

The  Orders  so  long  expected  from  England  are 


160         History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

not  yet  arrived  which  makes  it  very  inconvenient  to 
send  Troops  before  one  knows  their  intended  Desti 
nation 

I  shall  have  the  Pleasure  to  see  you  as  soon  as 
possible.  My  best  compliments  to  the  Gentlemen 
with  you,  and  my  Thanks  to  our  brave  Men  for  the 
Honour  they  have  done  to  the  Corps  by  their  good 
Conduct  and  chearful  Obedience  to  their  Orders 

I  am  &c 

(signed)  H.  Bouquet 
To  Cap*  Ecuyer. 


Philada  14th  June  1763 
Sir 

I  rec'd  your  Letter  of  the  4th  with  the  Account  of 
the  Indians  attacking  your  Post  which  can  be  in  no 
Danger  with  the  prudent  Measures  you  have  taken. 
I  have  recommended  to  his  Excellency  Sir  Jeff  Am- 
herst  the  Case  of  the  People  you  have  detained  to 
reinforce  your  Garrison  who  will  soon  be  at  liberty 
to  come  down,  as  there  are  Troops  on  their  March 
for  your  Relief.  Be  as  saving  of  your  Provisions  as 
possible,  and  continue  to  keep  your  Amunition  till 
it  can  do  Execution. 

You  may  be  sure  that  all  the  Indians  on  the  con 
tinent  would  not  dare  to  attack  you  in  Earnest.  Sur 
prise  is  their  only  Shift,  and  that  will  always  fail 
with  you.  I  go  up  myself  as  soon  as  I  can  forward 
the  Convoy,  but  you  know  the  Distance,  and  the  Dif- 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       161 

ficulties  attending  a  March,  so  don't  be  uneasy;  you 
will  be  supported  in  good  Time. 

If  you  cannot  well  protect  your  Horses,  could  you 
not  send  them  to  Bedford? 

I  am 

Sir  &c 

(signed)  H.  BOUQUET. 
Lieut  Blane, 


New  York,  16th  June  1763 
Sir 

Mr.  Spencer  arrived  here  this  morning  and  de 
livered  me  your  letter  of  the  13th  Instant,  and  I  Im 
mediately  gave*  Orders  for  his  being  Examined  by 
the  Surgeons  of  the  Hospital,  who  Report  him  Quali 
fied,  as  you  will  See  by  the  Enclosed,  so  that  you  will 
appoint  him  to  be  Surgeon's  Mate  to  the  First  Bat 
talion,  in  the  Room  of  Mr.  Van  Hulst. 

Since  then  I  have  received  yours  of  the  same  Date, 
Enclosing  copies  of  Letters  from  Bedford  &  Ligonier 
concerning  the  Motions  of  the  Indians.  At  the 
same  time,  that  I  approve  of  the  precautions  taking 
by  the  Commanding  Officers  at  those  Posts,  I  cannot 
help  Expressing  my  Surprize,  that  on  the  appear 
ance  of  a  few  Indians,  all  Out  Houses  should  be 
Burnt  &  Destroyed,  for  I  can  See  no  Sort  of  Neces 
sity  for  that,  on  the  approach  of  so  Despicable  an 
Enemy  as  the  Indians  are,  without  any  kind  of  War 
like  Implements  but  those  of  111  provided  Small 
arms.  Captain  Ourry  Does  very  well  to  Receive  & 


162         History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

Protect  the  Inhabitants,  but  I  would  not  have  him, 
on  any  account  put  much  Trust  in  them.  I  have 
already  acquainted  you  that  the  Light  Infantry 
Companys  of  the  42nd  &  47th  Regiments  are  on 
their  March  towards  Philadelphia,  and  likewise  that 
I  have  ordered  the  Remains  of  those  Regiments  to 
assemble  on  Staaten  Island,  to  be  ready  to  proceed 
to  the  Southward,  should  there  be  occasion  for  them ; 
but  I  must  acquaint  you  that  they  are  so  Reduced 
as  to  make  but  a  very  small  Number  of  Men,  the 
Whole  Remains  of  the  Nine  Companys  of  the  47th 
not  Exceeding  Eighty  Men.  I  have  just  now  Re 
ceived  accounts  from  Niagara,  that  the  Indians  be 
tween  that  Post  &  the  Detroit  are  likewise  in  arms, 
and  have  Obliged  a  Party  proceeding  from  thence  to 
Return  Hither;  I  shall  however  take  the  Necessary 
Steps  for  putting  Everything  to  Rights  in  that 
Quarter;  and  I  have  only  to  Desire,  that  you  will 
take  Every  precaution  in  your  power  for  Defeating 
their  Wild  Schemes,  in  the  Department  of  Fort  Pitt, 
and  advise  me,  from  time  to  time,  of  Everything  Re 
markable  that  may  happen 
I  am 

Sir 
Your  most  Obedient  Servant 

Jeff  Amherst. 
To  Colonel  Bouquet. 


Fort  Bedford  June  17th  1763 
Dear  Sir 

I  just  now  received  your  favor  of  the  14th.    As 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       163 

the  man  who  carries  it  to  Carlisle  is  just  setting  off, 
I  have  only  time  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  it. 
I  wrote  to  you  from  Shippensburg  on  the  eleventh, 
to  which  I  must  refer  you  for  my  opinion  of  the  In 
dians  behaviour  at  this  time  until  I  hear  from  Fort 
Pitt,  as  no  Express  has  come  down  this  12  days, 
I  have  reason  to  think  the  place  is  invested,  so  that 
none  can  safely  escape  them  But  they  can  no  longer 
continue  there,  in  my  opinion  than  the  five  cattle 
there  abouts  which  may  fall  into  their  way  can  sup 
port  them. 

The  Delawares  in  my  opinion  are  the  people  who 
have  begun  this  Indian  war  and  if  the  Ottaways  and 
Cheepways  hav*e  attackt  Detroit,  I  believe  it  will  be 
found  that  the  French  was  acquainted  with  their 
designs.  I  imagine  the  Delawares  will  remove  over 
the  Lakes  or  over  Mississippi,  perhaps  this  may  be 
a  stroke  of  policy  of  the  French  to  get  as  many  In 
dian  Nations  as  they  can,  to  go  to  the  Country  over 
the  Mississippi  which  they  have  to  people  as  well  to 
make  themselves  respectable  with  their  Indian  aleys 
as  to  secure  as  much  of  the  Indian  Trade  as  they 
can.  The  Delawares  you  are  sensible  have  not  be 
haved  so  well  as  they  did  before  Post  went  amongst 
them  to  his  Majesties  Troops,  and  since  the  last 
Treaty  at  Lancaster,  they  may  be  said  to  have  be 
haved  with  insolence,  this  you  are  well  acquainted 
with,  and  I  wish  the  Quakers  may  not  find  that  their 
interfering  with  Indian  affairs  may  have  done  more 
hurt  to  his  Majesties  Indian  Interest  and  given  them 
a  greater  dislike  to  his  Troops,  than  any  settlements. 


164         History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

that  I  or  any  other  people  have  made  there.  I  am 
of  opinion  if  the  Six  Nations  knew  any  thing  of  this 
Eruption,  they  kept  it  secret  in  order  to  break  off 
any  connections  between  us  and  the  Delawares,  as 
I  am  certain  they  have  been  for  some  years  very 
jealous  of  the  Delawares  being  raised  so  high  by  the 
Quakers  of  Philla.,  however  time  will  evince  to  the 
public  whether  I  have  acted  with  imprudence  in  my 
Department  or  not  as  far  as  I  was  limited.  I  wish 
the  General  would  permit  me  to  send  one  of  those 
Indians  here  for  inteligence  as  it  is  the  only  way 
left  us  to  find  out  who  are  concerned  against  us  for 
was  I  now  at  Fort  Pitt  I  could  not  have  so  good  an 
opportunity. 

I  am  dear  Sir  Your  most  Humble  Servant 

Geo.  Croghan 

To  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet. 


John  Armstrong  to  Col  Bouquet 
Carlisle  20th  June  3  o'clock  P  M  1763 
Dear  Colonel 

Last  Night  a  Packet  fell  into  my  hands  without 
any  person  to  forward  it,  and  finding  therein  a 
Letter  for  the  General  and  two  for  yourself,  together 
with  others  on  his  Majestys  Service,  I  thought  it  in 
cumbent  to  employ  the  bearer  Mathew  Neely  to  ride 
Express  to  you  on  this  Occasion,  he  is  careful  and 
expeditious.  I  have  only  told  him  you  would  give 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum      165 

him  a  reasonable  reward  for  the  journey  as  I  could 
find  no  person  going  down  occasionally,  tho  I  en 
quired  over  the  Fort.  That  I  don't  detain  your 
Letters  I  must  refer  you  to  mine  for  the  Governor, 
which  I  am  anxious  you  should  read  tho'  there  be 
but  little  in  it. 

The  Cloud  seems  to  me  to  thicken,  God  its  true 
can  easily  discipate  it,  but  that  the  intention  to  do 
all  possible  Mischief,  is  strong,  general  and  deter 
minate  is  beyond  all  doubt,  and  Fort  Pitt  in  all  prob 
ability  is  in  some  sort  invested  by  the  enemy 

I  am  dear  Colonel 

Yours  very  affectionately 

John  Armstrong 

PS  I  need  not  tell  you  that  a  small,  nor  even  a 
very  considerable  number  of  troops  cannot  now  go 
to  Pittsburgh  without  the  risk  of  doing  much  hurt 
than  good  to  the  King's  Service  What  you  were 
so  kind  as  propose  to  bring  up  for  me  may  perhaps 
according  to  the  present  aspect  of  things  be  as 
prudent  to  defer  for  the  present 

J.  A. 
To  Colonel  Bouquet 


Letter  from  Ensign  Price  to  Colonel  Bouquet. 

Fort  Pitt  26th  June  1763 

Sir     I  arrived  here  this  morning  from  Le  Bouef 
which  I  abandoned  the  18th  at  night 


166         History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

The  3d  inst  I  had  an  Express  from  Christie  with 
the  News  of  Lieutenant  Cuyler's  defeat  &cet  which 
I  immediately  forwarded  to  Venango  and  have  heard 
since  I  got  in,  was  sent  to  you.  Another  Express 
the  13th  arrived,  I  forwarded  it  likewise,  but  has 
never  been  heard  of  since  and  Captain  Ecuyer  has 
therefore  desired  me  to  give  you  the  Heads  relating 
to  it.  About  the  12th  Christie  seeing  a  Sail  stand 
ing  towards  Niagara  sent  a  Batteau  on  board  think 
ing  the  Master  not  inclined  to  put  in  and  by  a  Cor 
poral  who  had  it  from  Captain  Newmans  mouth 
learned  the  following  particulars.  Viz  That  on  or 
about  the  1st  of  May  1500  Indians  arrived  at  De 
troit  and  wanted  to  hold  a  Treaty  in  the  Fort,  but 
Major  Gladwin  being  told  by  Monsieur  Banby  that 
if  they  were  admitted  they  would  fall  upon  and  de 
stroy  every  man  in  it,  ordered  the  Garrison  under 
arms,  which  the  Chief  of  the  Indians  seeing  asked  if 
he  was  afraid.  The  next  day  they  came  all-together 
and  repeated  their  former  request  of  admittance  and 
being  refused  began  to  fire,  ending  that  day  with 
the  loss  of  40  of  their  men  and  wounding  but  a  few 
of  ours.  Captain  Campbell  and  Lieut  McDougal 
were  sent  to  inquire  what  was  the  cause  of  their  be 
haviour  and  were  detained,  though  the  Indians  sent 
in  two  of  their  own  People  as  Hostages. 

A  day  or  two  preceeding  these  transactions  they 
killed  Sir  Robert  Devers,  Capt  Robinson,  Mac  Hay 
and  one  Fisher  (a  trader)  as  they  were  out  sound- 


Bouquet  Papers  from,  British  Museum      167 

ing  the  Lake ;  and  returning  to  Fishers  House  hanged 
his  wife  and  took  the  rest  of  his  Family  Prisoners. 
Detroit  had  been  two  weeks  besieged  when  Capt 
Newman  came  out  of  the  River  to  convey  Lieut 
Cuyler  in,  and  the  Garrison  were  living  upon  a  little 
Provision  of  Bariby  then.  He  was  three  weeks  after 
before  he  saw  Presque  Isle,  being  detained  by  con 
trary  winds  and  was  afraid  all  the  upper  Posts  were 
cut  off.  He  was  fired  upon  coming  out  of  the  River 
and  Captain  Campbell  was  sent  on  board  to  know  if 
he  would  strike  and  they  would  spare  the  lives  of  all 
on  board,  but  he  sent  them  word  he  was  determined 
to  fight  his  way  and  did.  The  18th  instant  I  was 
attacked  and  the  Indians,  taking  possession  of  the 
lower  store  fired  my  House  with  their  Arrows,  so 
that  I  was  obliged  to  retreat  out  of  it  in  the  Night, 
which  I  did  unseen  and  brought  in  with  me  seven 
men.  Six  are  still  in  the  woods  but  I  hope  will  get 
in  safe  some  where.  We  arrived  at  Venango  the 
20th  at  One  at  night  and  found  the  block  house 
burned  to  the  ground. 

I  am  a  little  fatigued  but  in  good  health  as  is  most 
of  those  that  came  with  me. 

I  hope  soon  to  have  the  pleasure  of  seeing  you  and 
am, 

Sir, 

Your  most  obedt  and 

most  humble  Servant 
G.  Price 


168          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

Carlisle  the  3rd  July  1763. 
Sir: 

I  am  sorry  to  have  to  acquaint  you  that  our  Posts 
at  Presqu'  Isle,  Le  Boeuff  and  Venango  are  cut  off 
and  the  Garrisons  Massacred  by  the  Savages.  Ex 
cept  one  officer  and  seven  men  who  have  escaped 
from  Le  Boeuff.  Fort  Pitt  was  Briskly  attacked  on 
the  22nd.  Had  only  a  few  men  killed  and  wounded 
and  dispersed  the  Enemy. 

Fort  Ligonier  has  likewise  stood  a  Vigerous  at 
tack  by  means  of  some  men  who  reinforced  that  small 
Garrison  from  the  Militia  of  Bedford  The  Indians 
Expected  a  strong  reinforcement  to  make  new  at 
tempts  on  those  two  posts. 

If  the  Measures  I  had  the  honour  to  recommend 
to  you  in  my  Letters  of  Yesterday  are  not  im 
mediately  put  in  Execution  I  forsee  the  ruin  of  this 
part  of  the  province  on  this  side  of  the  Susque- 
hannah,  and  as  York  County  would  be  covered  by 
Cumberland  I  think  they  ought  to  join  in  assisting 
to  build  some  posts  and  saving  the  Harvest.  It 
would  not  be  less  Necessary  to  send  immediately 
arms  and  ammunition  to  be  Distributed  to  the  in 
habitants  to  defend  their  Reapers.  You  may  like 
wise  think  it  proper  to  appoint  some  Commissioners 
to  see  your  orders  Executed  in  these  two  Counties 

Two  Soldiers  of  the  77th  Regiment  have  been  ar 
rested  at  Lancaster  by  writs  from  Mr  Edw*1  Ship- 
pen  for  Fictitious  debts  and  Bail  offered  by  Doctor 
Thompson  was  refused.  If  it  is  in  your  power  I 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       169 

begg  these  Boys  (both  under  age)  may  be  released 
and  obliged  to  join  their  Company s. 

I  have  the  Honour  to  be  Sir 
To  the  Honble  James  Hamilton,  Esqe 

from  Col.  Bouquet. 


From  Colonel  Bouquet  to  Mr  Croghan 

Carlisle  4th  July  1763 
Dear  Sir 

I  had  yesterday  your  letter  of  the  29th  and 
perused  that  of  the  2d  July  to  Sir  William,  which 
I  transmitted  forthwith  to  the  General  with  the  fatal 
account  received  from  above.  His  Excellency  writes 
me,  What  Mr  Croghan  mentions  with  regard  to  the 
part  he  believes  the  Delawares,  and  the  other  Na 
tions  in  General  intend  to  play  on  this  occasion,  I 
think  is  very  just  and  I  am  persuaded  it  will  turn 
out  exactly  so;  whenever  they  meet  with  a  proper 
check — My  opinion  with  regard  to  the  Indians  that 
are  in  our  Power  is,  that  they  should  remain  as 
Prisoners,  as  I  am  convinced  they  would  be  amongst 
the  first,  were  they  let  loose  that  that  would  join  the 
others. 

I  approve  of  Mr  Croghan's  having  raised  the  25 
men  to  Garrison  Fort  Littleton  which  appears  to 
have  been  very  Necessary  and  you  may  acquaint  Mr 
Croghan  that  I  have  from  time  to  time  informed 
Sir  William  Johnson  of  every  intelligence  I  have  re 
ceived  and  that  his  Letter  to  Sir  William  with  the 


170         History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

enclosures  shall  be  forwarded  to  him,  so  far  the 
Generals  Letter  to  me.  I  wrote  you  in  my  last  and 
repeat  it  here  that  I  make  myself  answerable  for 
the  pay  of  Capt  Wm  Pyper,  his  officers  and  men  as 
you  have  agreed  with  them  and  will  recomend  them 
to  the  Governor  for  Commissions,  as  I  know  them  to 
be  good  and  brave  men,  You  have  forgot  to  pay 
to  Mr  West  the  Bill  you  drew  on  me  for  £100, 
which  has  been  presented  to  me,  be  so  good  as  to 
settle  it.  I  shall  join  you  as  soon  as  the  Regiments 
come  up  and  the  Carriages  can  be  got,  which  will  be 
about  the  9th  of  this  Month. 

I  am 

Dear  Sir 

Signed 

H.  Bouquet 

Captain   Basset   and    I    live    in   your    Hotel   here. 
Swiming  in  Ease  and  Plenty.     I  think  it  very  con 
venient  to  find  that  you  have  a  house,  wherever  I  go 
Your  family  are  well 


Mr.  Geo.  Wood  4th  July  1763 
Received  the  llth 
Answd  the  same  day. 
Sir 

The  Indians  is  playing  on  us  in  all  quarters,  I 
have  been  at  this  post  with  two  Regulars  and  four 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       171 

Volunteers,  this  week  past  and  on  the  arrival  of  the 
Highlanders,  Captain  Ourry  sent  us  two  more  and 
Mr  Croghan  sent  five  of  his  Volunteers  the  whole 
amounts  to  13  men,  which  if  we  had  any  Place  to 
Defend  ourselves  I  think  we  could  stand  a  smart  at 
tack,  but  the  fort  being  all  out  of  repair,  we  have 
took  to  my  house  and  prepaired  it  as  well  as  possible 
to  defend  ourselves.  The  Volunteers  threaten  go 
ing  away  every  day  I  hope  your  Honor  will  take 
us  to  consideration  as  well  for  our  safety,  as  also,  for 
the  real  needsessity  of  keeping  up  the  post,  being  al 
most  the  only  Pass  on  the  Line 

I  am  Sir  your  humble  Servant 

George  Wood 
Crossings  July  4th  1763 
To  Colonel  Bouquet 


From  Col  Bouquet  to  H  Blane  Carlisle 

Carlisle  4th  July  1763 
Sir 

I  received  last  night  your  Letter  of  28th  June. 
The  contents  of  which  I  transmitted  to  the  General. 
You  may  depend  upon  his  approbation  of  the  wise 
Measures  you  have  taken,  and  that  the  brave  men 
who  have  agreed  to  stay  with  you  till  I  come  to  your 
Relief  will  be  Punctually  paid  for  all  the  time  they 
will  remain  with  you.  I  have  Branded  with  Infamy 


172         History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

the  wretches  whom  I  discovered  here  to  have  de 
serted  your  Post,  and  if  you  can  send  me  the  Names 
of  all  those  who  so  treacherously  abandoned  you,  I 
shall  publish  it  in  the  Newspapers  to  cover  them  that 
shame  so  justly  due  to  all  Traytors  and  Cowards. 
On  the  other  hand  I  shall  recommend  in  the 
Strongest  manner  those  Pack  horse  men  who  pro 
duced  your  leave  to  come  down 

The  vigerous  Steps  you  have  taken  to  Secure  to 
yourself  a  Reinforcement  so  Necessary  does  you  as 
great  Honour  as  your  good  Disposition  and  Cour 
age.  Had  Christie  and  Gordon  behaved  with  such 
a  Spirit  their  important  Posts  would  have  been 
lost  and  Christie  and  his  Garrison  massacred  after  a 
Scandalous  Capitulation,  as  if  the  Example  of  Fort 
Loudon  in  the  Cherokee  Country  ought  not  to  be  a 
Sufficient  warning  never  to  Trust  ones  Self  alive  with 
faithless  Savages.  The  great  importance  of  your 
Post  for  the  support  of  Port  Pitt,  has  given  me  the 
utmost  anxiety  knowing  in  what  Condition  you  were 
left,  and  all  my  dependence  was  in  your  Prudence, 
and  Firmness  in  which  I  have  not  been  disapointed. 
Be  as  Saving  of  provisions  and  particularly  of 
Amunition,  as  if  you  had  no  Relief  to  Expect,  and 
after  the  Risk  you  Exposed  yourself  to,  by  Suffer 
ing  any  men  to  go  out  of  the  Fort,  I  need  not  give 
you  Warning,  never  to  be  allured  by  any  appear 
ing  Advantage  to  Expose  your  Post  to  the  least 
danger. 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       173 

The  bad  Success  the  Savages  have  met  with  in 
Attacking  Fort  Pitt  and  your  Post  will  soon  make 
them  sick  of  attempting  them.  Don't  permit  a 
Musket  to  be  fired  but  where  you  are  sure  of  doing 
Execution.  I  sent  you  a  Reinforcement  which  I 
shall  soon  follow  with  a  Sufficient  Force  to  clear  the 
roads  of  that  Bloody  race. 

I  am  Sir 
Signed 

Henry  Bouquet 

P.S.  What  Cap1  Ourry  hinted  to  me  of  your  In 
tention  before  you  got  a  Reinforcement  must  be 
erased,  if  an  officer  should  remain  alone  in  his  post, 
there  he  must  die  before  he  Disgraces  himself  by 
abandoning  it. 

H.  B. 


Letter  from  Governor  Hamilton 

Philadelphia  July  6th  1763 
Sir 

I  am  to  acknowledge  the  favour  of  your  several 
letters  of  the  19th  June  2  and  3  of  this  instant,  the 
last  containing  the  shocking  account  of  the  taking 
of  three  of  our  Forts  and  murdering  the  Garrisons 
by  the  Savages,  from  them  I  reckon  upon  the  com 
mencement  of  a  general  Indian  War,  but  when  it  will 
have  a  period  God  knows.  In  the  mean  time,  it  can- 


174          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

not  but  be  attended  with  infinite  mischief  to  those 
Colonies,  as  well  by  the  heavy  expence  it  will  oc 
casion,  as  by  retarding  the  progress  of  their  settle 
ment,  for  I  would  willingly  flatter  myself,  that  in  the 
end  they  will  be  obliged  to  solicit  the  peace  they  have 
so  wantonly  broken. 

As  this  express  is  just  setting  off  I  was  unwilling 
to  miss  the  opportunity  of  informing  you  as  soon  as 
possible,  that  the  assembly  by  a  resolve  of  this  day 
have  authorized  us  in  conjunction  with  the  provincial 
Commissioners  to  take  into  pay  seven  hundred  men 
till  the  next  meeting  of  that  House,  which  is  the 
9th  of  September,  to  be  employed  in  protecting  the 
Frontier  Inhabitants  and  that  the  pay  is  settled  on 
such  funds  as  will  not  occasion  any  disputes  between 
us.  And  also  that  a  bill  will  be  passed  tomorrow  for 
compelling  the  inhabitants  to  furnish  Carriages  &c 
for  the  kings  service  agreeable  to  the  Generals  Re 
quest.  Considering  how  numerous  and  determined 
the  Indians  are  represented  to  be,  I  am  in  pain  for 
your  convoy  to  Fort  Pitt.  I  shall  set  about  giving 
orders  for  raising  the  men  the  moment  the  Assembly 
rises  which  will  be  tomorrow.  Pray  communicate  to 
me  what  you  think  worth  my  knowing,  as  in  return 
I  shall  do  to  you.  The  express  is  waiting 

I  am  with  great  regard  Sir  your  most 
obedient  humble  servant 

James  Hamilton 
To  Colonel  Bouquet 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       175 

Letter  to  Governor  Hamilton 

Carlisle  8th  July  1763 
Sir 

I  had  this  day  the  Honour  of  your  Letter  dated 
the  6th  Inst  and  am  glad  for  the  sake  of  the  Frontier 
inhabitants  that  the  assembly  have  authorized  you 
in  conjunction  with  the  Provincial  Commissioners  to 
take  into  pay  700  men  for  their  Protection. 

The  Savages  being  now  elated  by  repeated  Suc 
cesses  I  join  in  opinion  with  you  that  there  will  be 
some  risk  in  forcing  a  convoy  to  Fort  Pitt  with  the 
Troops  I  have,  partly  composed  of  men  taken  out 
of  the  Hospital.  Therefore  that  I  may  not  be 
blamed  for  having  neglected  any  precaution  in  my 
power  to  avoid  receiving  a  check.  I  beg  the  favour 
to  know  whether  your  troops  when  raised  are  to  act 
in  conjunction  with  the  King's  forces,  and  in  case 
the  Enemys  Strength  should  make  it  Necessary, 
whether  I  could  obtain  part  of  them  to  march  with 
me  beyond  the  Limits  of  the  purchased  Lands,  to  the 
relief  of  Fort  Pitt  and  escort  back  to  the  Settle 
ments  upwards  of  300  inhabitants,  women  and  chil 
dren  now  shut  up  in  that  Fort.  If  I  have  no  as 
sistance  to  expect  from  them,  and  the  General  hav 
ing  not  in  his  power  to  send  me  a  man  more,  I  must 
without  delay  run  all  risks  to  relieve  with  my  small 
force,  a  Post  on  the  preservation  of  which  so  much 
depends,  should  I  have  the  misfortune  to  fail  in  the 
attempt.  The  consequences  are  easily  forseen.  I 


176          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

enclose  you  a  Letter  from  Captain  Ourry  and  those 
of  Mr  Croghan  and  Mr  Wm  Piper  as  relative  to 
the  men  hired  for  the  defence  of  Fort  Littleton,  and 
the  offer  of  raising  immediately  a  good  company  of 
Rangers.  The  remains  of  the  two  Regiments  will 
be  here  tomorrow,  or  the  10th  and  as  soon  as  I  re 
ceive  the  Wagons  and  Flour  I  expect  from  Lan 
caster,  I  propose  to  proceed  to  Bedford 
I  have  the  honour  to  be  Sir 

Henry  Bouquet 

PS     I  suppose  your  Troops  will  be  raised  on  condi 
tion  to  serve  during  the  war 

To  the  Honble  James  Hamilton  Esqe 


Fort  Detroit  10th  July  1763 
Sir 

I  am  sorry  to  have  to  acquaint  you  of  my  mis 
fortune.  On  the  20th  June  at  day  break  I  was  sur 
rounded  at  my  Post  at  Presqu  Isle  by  about  two 
hundred  Indians  a  quarter  of  an  hour  after  they  be 
gan  to  Fire  on  the  Block  House  and  continued  all 
that  day  very  smartly.  Likewise  Fire  arrows  were 
thrown  into  the  Roof  of  the  Block  house  and 
Bastions.  I  received  my  greatest  hurt  from  the  Two 
Hills,  the  one  ascending  from  the  Lake  the  other 
from  the  bottom,  they  having  made  holes  in  the  night 
to  secure  themselves.  Nothwithstanding  two  or  three 
did  their  endeavor  to  get  in  the  French  were  killed 
which  made  them  cease  fireing  some  hours,  at  which 
time  they  was  employed  in  digging  of  passes  through 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       177 

the  earth  in  order  to  get  at  the  bottom  of  the  house. 
21st  They  commenced  fireing  as  hot  as  ever  and 
also  with  Fire  Arrows  which  set  the  house  a  second 
time  on  fire,  the  same  day  the  Barrels  of  water  I 
had  provided  was  spent  in  extinguishing  said  Fires 
and  found  it  impossible  to  get  at  a  well  which  was 
sunk  on  the  Parade,  therefore  was  obliged  to  sink 
one  in  the  house  by  hard  labour,  whilst  we  were  dig 
ging  to  get  at  the  well  we  were  again  set  on  fire 
but  got  it  extinguished  by  throwing  of  some  shingles 
from  the  roof  at  the  same  time  they  had  approached 
as  far  as  the  Commanding  Officers  room  on  the 
parade  they  set  it  on  fire  and  communicated  it  to 
the  rushes  round  the  Fort.  We  continued  our  fire- 
ing  till  midnight  when  one  of  them  who  spoke  French 
informed  me  it  was  in  vain  to  pretend  to  hold  out 
for  they  could  now  set  fire  to  the  house  when  they 
pleased  if  I  would  not  surrender;  we  may  expect 
no  quarters,  finding  they  had  made  their  approaches 
aforesaid.  That  they  could  set  me  on  fire  above  and 
below.  My  men  being  fatigued  to  the  greatest  ex 
tremity  and  not  being  able  to  extinguishing  such  fire- 
ing  and  resist  their  numbers,  I  asked  them  in  Eng 
lish  if  there  was  any  amongst  them  which  understood 
that  language,  an  Englishman  then  called  up  to  me, 
that  if  I  ceased  my  fireing  he  would  speak  with  me, 
he  told  me  they  were  of  the  Urin  Nation  that  had 
ben  compelled  to  take  up  arms  by  the  Ottawas 
against  Detroit,  that  there  was  part  of  other  Nations 
with  him,  that  they  only  wanted  the  house  and  that 


178          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

they  would  have  now  soon,  that  I  might  have  liberty 
to  go  with  my  Garrison  where  I  pleased.  I  desired 
them  to  leave  off  their  fireing  and  I  would  give  them 
an  answer  in  the  morning  earily.  After  considering 
my  situation  and  of  the  impossibility  of  holding  out 
any  longer  I  sent  out  two  soldiers  as  if  to  treat  with 
them  that  they  may  find  out  their  disposition  and 
how  they  had  made  their  approaches,  and  to  give 
me  a  signal  if  they  found  what  I  imagined  to  be  true 
finding  if  it  be  so  and  the  vessel  Hovering  Between 
the  two  points  all  the  while  I  was  engaged  could 
give  me  no  assistance.  I  came  out  with  my  people 
they  then  took  us  prisoners,  myself  and  four  soldiers 
and  a  woman  was  brought  to  the  Wiandotte  Town, 
the  rest  of  my  garrison  was  taken  by  the  other  Na 
tions.  I  was  delivered  up  to  Detroit  with  one  soldier 
and  a  woman,  the  other  two  they  killed  at  their  town ; 
the  night  I  arrived  there  I  was  delivered  up  to  Fort 
Detroit  the  9th  instant. 

I  am  sir  your  most  humble  Servant 

John  Christie 

P  S  All  the  Forts  beyond  this  have  met  with  the 
same  fate.  Captain  Campbell,  Lieut  Tammet  and 
Ensign  Holmes  is  killed,  the  rest  of  the  gentlemen 
is  prisoners 


Lieut  Don  Campbell 

to  Colonel  Bouquet 
Ligonier  11  July  1763 
Sir 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       179 

Enclosed  I  send  you  a  return  of  this  Garrison. 
The  detachment  I  brought  up  with  me,  I  did  not 
include  as  you  know  their  numbers. 

I  left  Bedford  the  7th  Inst  at  night  and  arrived 
here  the  9th  in  the  morning  without  seeing  any  of  the 
Enemy,  tho'  I  believed  they  followed  us  very  close, 
as  that  evening  they  fired  several  shots  at  the  Fort, 
There  is  one  of  our  men  wounded  by  the  enemy,  and 
I  believe  a  Surgeon  would  be  very  necessary,  in  case 
any  more  accidents  should  happen.  I  am  sir  Your 
most 

Obedient,  humble  servant 

Dond  Campbell 
To  Col  Bouquet 


Lieutenant  Blane  to  Colonel  Bouquet 

On  his  March  to  Fort  Pitt 
Fort  Ligonier  July  11-1763 
Sir 

I  had  the  pleasure  to  receive  your  letter  of  the  4th 
Instant  by  Mr  Campbell  who  got  safely  here  the  9th 
in  the  morning,  and  who  being  my  Senior,  I  have  de 
livered  all  your  orders  relating  to  the  Post  to  him, 
as  well  as  the  advice  and  other  informations  my  long 
stay  at  this  Place  makes  me  capable  of.  I  have  like 
wise  communicated  to  him  your  Letter  of  the  4th. 
As  Mr  Campbell  writes  you  by  this  opportunity  and 
informs  you  of  the  affairs  of  the  Post.  I  have  only 


180         History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

to  return  you  my  thanks  for  the  satisfaction  you 
express  with  my  conduct  and  care  you  promise  to 
take  of  those  men  that  have  suffered  so  much  by 
their  stay  here  for  the  safety  of  this  Place.  The 
Bedford  Volunteers  (Mr  Recker  excepted)  are  far 
from  meriting  anything  besides  the  wages  promised, 
but  I  have  no  occasion  to  say  more  as  when  you 
receive  this  by  them  you  can  judge  their  merit 
yourself,  but  I  hope  their  going  will  make  no  great 
odds. 

I  must  now  beg  leave  to  inform  you  for  your  and 
Army's  safety,  that  it  is  more  necessary  now  than 
ever  I  knew  it,  to  be  very  watchful,  for  the  58  and 
9  appeared  only  diversion  to  these  times,  for  they 
exert  themselves  to  their  utmost,  indeed  they  will 
have  occasion  for  their  utmost  dexterity  in  a  short 
time. 

I  remain  with  the  sincerest  wishes  for  your  safe 
arrival  and  Speedy 

Sir  Your  most  obet  humble  servt 

A  Blane 


Letter  to  Governor  Hamilton 

Carlisle  13  July  1763 
Sir 

The  accounts  of  the  Murders  committed  by  the 
Savages  in  this  unfortunate  County  will  be  trans 
mitted  to  you  by  so  many  Persons  that  I  need  not  be 
very  particular.  The  List  of  the  People  known  to 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum      181 

be  killed  from  40  to  within  16  miles  of  this  Town, 
amounted  last  Night  to  19  besides  wounded,  and  in 
creases  very  fast  every  hour.  The  desolation  of  so 
many  Families  reduced  to  the  last  extremities  of 
want  and  misery.  The  despair  of  those  who  have 
lost  their  parents,  relations  and  Friends,  with  the  cries 
of  distracted  women  and  children  who  fill  the  streets, 
form  a  scene  of  horror  painful  to  humanity,  and  im 
possible  to  describe.  Mr  Galbreth  sent  me  here 
yesterday  two  Indians,  two  squaws  and  four  children, 
who  had  been  taken  prisoners  in  one  of  the  Islands 
of  Susquehanna,  where  they  raised  corn  by  some 
young  Men  living  near  that  River.  One  is  Conaway 
Sam  Cayuga  Indian  and  a  peaceable  man,  the  other 
a  Mokikander  equally  inoffensive.  It  was  with  the 
utmost  difficulty  I  could  prevail  with  the  enraged 
Multitude  not  to  massacre  them,  and  I  don't  think 
them  very  safe  in  the  Gaol.  They  cannot  be  released 
as  they  would  be  torn  to  pieces  by  our  People  or 
forced  to  join  the  enemy;  but  they  ought  to  be  re 
moved  to  Philadelphia  as  soon  as  convenient.  The 
whole  country  to  the  west  of  this  place  is  already 
abandoned  with  the  Harvest,  Cattle  and  Horses  and 
this  Town  suddenly  become  the  Frontier  on  that  side. 
The  flying  Inhabitants  are  in  absolute  want  of  arms 
and  ammunition  and  having  discovered  ten  kegs  of 
powder,  belonging  to  the  Commissioners  for  the  In 
dian  Trade,  in  the  House  of  one  Edward  Moreton 
a  waggoner  and  there  being  none  to  be  sold,  they 
were  going  to  seize  upon  it,  which  I  prevented  by 


182          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

writing  to  Mr  Galbreth  to  distribute  one  Keg  among 
them  and  send  the  rest  here  this  day;  when  I  shall 
desire  Mr  West  to  sell  it  to  the  People.  I  hope  the 
Commissioners  will  not  disaprove  of  it  in  the  urgent 
Necessity,  and  if  they  desire  it  I  will  pay  for  what 
I  have  distributed. 

When  I  wrote  you  on  the  2nd  of  July,  my  senti 
ments  relative  to  the  measures  I  thought  necessary 
to  prevent  the  Ruin  of  this  country  I  did  not  expect 
to  be  so  soon  a  witness  of  it,  and  still  less  that  the 
Assembly  would  pay  no  regard  to  my  representations. 
Finding  myself  unable,  in  my  circumstances,  to  afford 
any  direct  Protection  to  this  Frontier,  I  thought  it 
incumbent  on  me  to  recommend  it  to  your  more  im 
mediate  Protection;  as  it  was  easy  to  Judge,  from 
the  general  Panic,  and  the  dispersion  of  the  en- 
habitants  that  a  handful  of  savages  would  soon  lay 
waste  the  Country.  The  few  Troops  voted  by  the 
Assembly  can  neither  be  raised  in  time,  nor  when 
raised  will  they  be  able  to  save  the  People  and  their 
Harvest  from  destruction,  which  would  only  have 
been  effected  by  exerting  the  united  Force  of  this 
and  York  County  in  the  manner  I  had  proposed. 
I  march  the  Day  after  tomorrow  to  the  relief  of 
Fort  Pitt,  and  hope  to  draw  the  attention  of  the 
enemy  upon  me,  and  by  that  means  be  of  some  ser 
vice  to  this  People 

I  have  the  Honor  &c 

Henry  Bouquet 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum      183 

George  Wood  to  Henry  Bouquet 

Crossing  Juniata  July  13th  1763 
Sir 

Yesterday  our  corporal  Sank  went  out  to  the  Back 
of  my  file  to  see  if  there  was  any  Deers  in  the  Creek 
and  one  of  Mr  Croghans  voluntiers  with  him  and  we 
have  not  seen  him  since  of  consequence  they  must  be 
either  killed  or  taken;  we  heard  two  guns  go  off 
some  time  after  they  went  out.  I  discharged  him 
of  going  out  and  told  him  the  consequence  of  leave- 
ing  his  Post,  but  I  could  not  prevail  on  him  to  stay. 
We  are  certainly  in  danger.  I  have  sent  to  Capt 
Ourry  for  a  reinforcement  for  us  and  I  have  got  on 
Express  down  that  there  is  a  Corporal  and  six  men 
coming  down 

Yours 

George  Wood 


July  13th  1763  Fort  Bedford 
Sir 

I  arrived  here  the  llth  instant,  and  had  it  not  been 
that  the  Pack  Horses  and  sheep  were  a  good  deal 
fatigued,  I  could  have  reached  this  Place  the  10th. 

I  encamped  on  the  out  side  of  the  Town  as  I 
imagined  it  would  be  more  secure  for  the  Inhabi 
tants,  as  well  as  more  agreeable,  than  if  I  had  gone 
to  the  Fort,  where  I  keep  a  sufficient  Guard  for 
its  security.  Some  volunteers  who  had  been  at 


184          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

Ligonier  for  some  time,  arrived  here  last  night,  by 
whom  I  had  Letters  from  Lieut  Campbell,  he  ar 
rived  there  the  9th  without  meeting  any  Enemy,  tho' 
that  Night  they  fired  several  shots  at  the  Fort.  I 
am  afraid  that  Waggons  will  find  a  great  deal  of 
Difficulty  in  getting  over  Sideling  hill,  the  road  be 
ing  very  much  broke  and  out  of  repair.  Capt  Ourry 
is  as  usual,  indefatiguable  and  I  own  freely  I  would 
be  very  much  at  a  loss  which  hand  to  turn  to,  if  it 
was  not  for  him 
I  am  with  respect 

Sir  your  most  humble  servant 

James  Robertson 


Ligonier  July  15  1763 
Sir 

When  Mr  Baltimore  left  this  I  acquainted  you 
of  the  safe  arrival  of  the  Highlanders  &c  but  could 
not  then  send  you  the  names  of  the  Rascals  that  de 
serted  me,  but  now  you  have  it  inclosed  as  well  as 
their  signed  agreement,  the  Pack  horse  men  who  de 
serted  at  first  entered  into  no  written  engagements, 
and  their  names  I  transmitted  to  Captain  Ourry  who 
can  inform  you. 

As  Lieutenant  Campbell  informs  you  of  the 
strength  and  intentions  of  those  persons  in  the  Gar 
rison  who  are  no  Soldiers  it  will  be  needless  for  me 
to  repeat  it;  but  at  the  same  time  I  cant  help  wish 
ing  an  engineer  or  some  other  person  who  could 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       185 

better  describe  the  situation  of  the  Fortress  was  here. 
But  that  you  may  be  enabled  to  judge  with  the 
greater  certainty  I  send  you  the  best  description  I 
can,  and  that  the  times  will  allow  of.  First  then  it 
is  situated  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill,  which  falls  off 
from  three  sides  of  the  Fort,  and  therefore  requires 
an  advanced  work  (if  it  could  be  afforded)  before 
each  curtain  another  is  also  necessary  for  the  protec 
tion  of  the  Cattle  at  night  before  the  curtain  upon 
the  rising  ground,  at  the  same  time  the  Fort  must 
not  be  left  unguarded,  and  the  Garrison  and  Guards 
must  be  relieved.  I  am  extremely  sorry  for  the 
fate  of  those  ^important  Posts  (Presque  Isle  and 
Venango)  and  am  equally  concerned  that  the  be 
haviour  of  the  commanding  Officers  should  expose 
them  to  so  just  a  censure.  I  am  greatly  obliged  to 
you  for  erasing  the  hint  Capt  Ourry  wrote,  and  the 
more  so,  as  it  is  a  thing  I  never  intended. 

Your  orders  concerning  the  ammunition  will  be  as 
strictly  complyed  with  as  possible  as  also  the  pro 
visions.  Nothing  would  conduce  more  to  the  saving 
of  the  latter  than  the  getting  down  the  women  and 
children,  who  as  their  husbands  have  in  a  manner 
preserved  the  Post  have  a  good  title  to  be  fed  while 
they  stay,  but  as  that  cant  be  done  without  an 
escort,  I  imagine  the  best  way  would  be  to  send  20 
men  from  Bedford  along  with  the  first  Party  of 
Highlanders  who  would  serve  to  flank  the  one  up 
the  other  down.  Tho  the  Indians  have  tried  all  the 
little  arts  their  cunning  could  invent  they  have  as  yet 


186          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

found  them  useless,  and  I  believe  I  may  venture  to 
assure  you  they  in  all  probility  still  will.  I  have 
nothing  more  to  add  but  that  I  am  with  the  utmost 
respect 

Sir  your  most  obliged  and  obedient 

Servant     Arch  Blane 

PS  I  wish  I  knew  the  day  you  would  be  here,  as 
the  Lamb  I  have  so  long  preserved  would  then  be 
properly  prepared  for  your  reception 

A  Blane 

I  believe  the  scoundrels  are  returned  for  one  of  them 
had  the  impudence  to  come  into  the  Pasture  and 
chase  a  horse  for  some  time     No  doubt  he  expected 
to  be  pursued,  but  he  soon  got  into  the  woods. 
To  Col.  Bouquet 


Cumberland  July  16,  1763  one  o'clock 

Morning 
Sir 

I  just  now  received  a  melancholy  account  from 
Coll  Cresaps,  which  is  as  follows.  That  on  the  13th 
Instant  the  Indians  fired  upon  Six  men,  shocking 
wheat  in  Col  Cresaps  field  and  killed  one  man,  but 
was  prevented  scalping  him  by  one  man  firing  on 
them  as  they  run  up.  On  the  14th  5  Indians  fired 
upon  16  men  as  they  were  sitting,  standing  and  lying 
under  a  large  tree  at  the  End  of  Col  Cresaps  Lane 
about  100  yards  from  his  House  and  wounded  one 
man,  but  on  being  fired  at  by  the  white  men,  who 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       187 

wounded  one  or  more  of  them,  as  appears  by  the 
great  Quantity  of  Blood  found  on  their  Tracts,  they 
immediately  ran  off,  and  were  pursued  but  could  not 
overtake  them  Some  time  after  several  guns  were 
fired  in  the  Woods  adjacent,  on  which  a  Party  went 
in  quest  of  them  and  found  three  Beeves  just  killed. 
On  the  15th  about  10  o'clock  in  the  morning  as  Mr 
Welder  was  going  to  a  house  of  his  about  300  yards 
distant  from  Colonel  Cresaps  with  three  men  and 
several  women  the  Indians  to  the  amount  of  20  or 
upwards  rushed  on  them  from  a  rising  ground,  but 
on  being  perceived  by  the  white  Party,  they  ran 
back  hollowing,  which  being  heard  by  them  at  the 
house,  they  immediately  ran  to  their  assistance  and 
met  them  and  the  Indians  at  the  end  of  Col  Cresaps 
Lane  about  100  yards  from  the  Colonels  house  as 
mentioned  before,  on  which  the  Indians  instantly 
fired  on  them  and  killed  Mr  Welder,  the  Party  of 
white  men  returned  their  fire,  killed  one  of  them  dead 
on  the  Spot  and  wounded  several  more  (as  appears 
by  the  great  Quantity  of  Blood  left  in  the  Field  and 
on  the  Track.  The  Colonel  expects  daily  to  be 
further  distrest  and  is  in  much  want  of  assistance. 
The  Indians  are  gone  towards  the  Cove  below  Bed 
ford,  and  it  is  suspected  they  are  the  party  that  went 
to  the  Southward  some  time  ago,  as  we  have  got  2 
Rifles  and  one  smooth  bore,  which  Col  Cresaps  Son 
thinks  belongs  to  those  who  went  there,  with  a  great 
many  other  Implements,  which  they  were  obliged  to 
leave  behind  them.  The  Indians  were  very  bold  and 


188          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

daring  for  some  time,  and  one  more  so  in  particular 
who  cut  Mr  Welder  in  the  Back  and  divided  his 
ribs  from  the  Back  Bone,  after  he  was  shot  down, 
but  we  prevented  his  being  scalped.  Col  Cresaps 
youngest  Son  scalped  the  Indian,  all  this  was  done 
within  100  yards  of  the  Colonels  Gate.  The  other 
Person  killed  was  one  Wade,  the  Person  wounded 
was  Richard  Morris.  A  Party  was  this  day  up  the 
River  and  returned  just  now.  When  Mr  Tomlin- 
son  informs  me,  that  he  came  to  Jos  Mounts  house 
and  found  a  Hog  killed  and  laid  upon  a  Shelf  in  the 
house,  bleeding  fresh,  by  which  he  conjectures,  they 
had  not  been  gone  more  than  half  an  hour  and  we 
tracked  them  from  thence  along  the  old  Warrior 
roads  that  leads  up  Wills  Creek  towards  Bedford, 
soon  after  I  perceived  a  great  Smoke  coming  through 
the  Gap  of  Wills  Creek,  which  makes  me  conjecture 
they  have  burnt  all  the  houses  upon  the  Creek,  but 
have  not  had  time  to  be  satisfied  of  it,  as  night  drew 
on. 

James  Livingston 


Sunday  Morning  July  17th  1763 
The  inclosed  came  to  hand  just  now  by  a  private 
hand.     He  passed  the  Express  sent  down  on  Thurs 
day  Evening  near  the  White  Horse  so  that  I  expect 
he  will  be  here  before  Sun  set. 

We  had  last  night  a  hard  tryal  to  save  the  In 
dians  &  with  great  difficulty  obtained  the  same  but 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       189 

with  great  threats,  no  further  acct.  of  Scalping  so 
I  believe  the  little  skirmish  has  drove  them  for  a 
while  off.  I  wish  when  you  write  to  New  York  you 
would  desire  the  General  to  direct  your  Letters  to 
Our  Care  as  there  is  no  dependance  on  the  post 
Office. 

I  am  just  going  to  Church  to  pray  for  yr  safe  ar 
rival  with  your  Convoy  at  Fort  Pitt  and  am  yr  most 
obed*  Humb.  Serv* 

Wm  Plumsted 


Ligonier  17  July  1763 
Sir 

The  most  of  the  Inhabitants  has  agreed  to  remain 
with  me,  till  such  time,  as  they  hear  from  you,  or  a 
Reinforcement  comes  up.  What  makes  a  Reinforce 
ment  so  necessary  is  that  we  can't  send  the  Cattle 
to  feed,  but  in  one  Pasture,  which  is  almost  eate  up 
and  the  Enemy  has  made  several  attempts  to  get 
them  out,  by  letting  down  the  Fences.  As  all  the 
Whiskey  in  store  is  done,  I  have  taken  an  Eight  gal 
lon  Cag  of  Rum  from  a  man  here,  for  the  use  of 
the  garrison,  the  duty  being  very  hard.  Tonight 
two  of  the  Inhabitants  sets  off  for  Fort  Pitt  with 
your  Dispatches 

The  People  expect  the  return  of  the  express  on 
Friday  night  at  farthest 

I  am  sir  your  most  obedient  serv* 

Dond  Campbell 


190          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

Letter  to  Governor  Hamilton 

Fort  Loudon  19th  July  1763 
Sir 

I  am  to  acknowledge  the  honor  of  your  obliging 
letter  of  the  12th  which  has  been  the  more  agreeable 
to  me  as  I  was  in  doubt  whether  you  had  not  disap 
proved  what  I  had  mentioned  to  you  in  several  of 
mine.  The  inhabitants  of  this  county  have  been  in 
a  great  Ferment  imagining  the  Government  was  in 
sensible  of  their  distresses  and  the  Measures  taken 
for  their  protection  insufficient.  I  was  totally  igno 
rant  of  the  horrid  crime  said  to  have  been  committed 
by  some  Soldiers  at  Lancaster,  no  complaints  having 
been  made  to  me  while  I  was  in  that  Town.  Cap 
tain  Robertson,  with  part  of  the  two  companies 
under  his  command,  is  now  at  Bedford  and  the  rest 
of  them  at  Ligonier,  as  soon  as  I  join  them,  the 
strictest  enquiry  will  be  made  to  find  out  the  people 
concerned,  who  shall  be  delivered  to  the  civil  Power. 
I  am  obliged  to  you  for  passing  the  Law  for  car 
riages,  which  will  prove  useful  in  case  this  war  should 
last  any  time  and  for  granting  pay  to  the  25  men 
raised  by  Mr  Croghan  for  one  month.  It  would  be 
hurtful  to  the  service  and  the  inhabitants  to  suffer 
Fort  Lyttleton  to  be  burnt  by  the  savages,  as  it 
would  afford  a  proper  retreat  at  Night  to  the  parties 
sent  by  Colonel  Armstrong  to  cover  the  Inhabitants 
of  the  Path  Valley,  who  would  save  it  till  Troops 
can  be  raised  to  garrison  it. 

I  had  not  proposed  to  go  farther  than  Bedford, 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       191 

where  I  expected  to  be  sufficiently  reinforced  from 
your  Province  to  put  our  Convoy  out  of  all  risks, 
but  being  disappointed  and  the  few  Troops  I  have 
being  now  more  exposed  to  an  attack,  I  shall  pro 
ceed  myself  with  them  to  Fort  Pitt. 

I  inclose  to  Mr  Plumsted  to  be  transmitted  to  you, 
the  intelligence  I  received  from  Fort  Cumberland  in 
Maryland 

I  have  the  honor  &c 

Henry  Bouquet 


Detroit  29th  July  1763 
Sir 

I  did  myself  the  honour  to  write  you  of  the  14th 
Instant  by  one  of  the  Vessels  from  Niagra  and  then 
gave  you  a  full  account  of  all  that  had  transpired 
in  this  District  preceeding  that  date.  As  that  Letter 
will  certainly  come  to  hand  before  this.  It  is  now 
unnecessary  to  trouble  you  with  a  repetition  of  the 
same  Subject.  And  more  particularly  so,  as  I  have 
wrote  Lieut  Carr  (by  the  bearer  and  acquainted  him 
of  every  material  circumstance  that  has  happened  in 
this  quarter)  who  will  no  doubt  communicate  the 
contents  and  import  of  my  Letter  to  you  immediately 
upon  receipt  thereof  Lieut  Cuyler  of  the  Queens 
Company  who  escaped  with  Thirty  men  in  two  Bat- 
toes,  and  returned  to  Niagra  by  Presqu  'Isle,  ac 
quainted  Ensign  Christy  of  his  unlucky  accident  in 
consequence  whereof  Mr  Christy  immediately  upon 


192          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

his  arrival  sent  an  Express  to  Venango  in  order  to 
acquaint  Lieut  Gordon,  and  the  6th  of  June  being 
the  day  Lieut  Cuyler  arrived  at  Niagara  Major  Wil- 
kins  dispatched  an  Express  to  the  General,  with  an 
account  of  that  Partys  being  cut  off  on  Lake  Erie, 
and  of  several  traders  being  killed  and  taken  Pris 
oners  in  the  Grand  River,  some  of  which  Escaped 
and  arrived  at  Niagara  at  the  same  time  with  Mr. 
Cuyler. 

Mon  Cher  Ami  Monsieur  Campbell,  me  montroit 
une  Lettre  qu'il  vous  avoit  ecrit  date  dans  1'Avril 
dernier  dans  laquelle  il  vous  informoit  que  j'etoit 
maladif,  et  par  cette  raison  que  Je  doit  Aller  a  Fort 
Pitt,  mais  maintenant  (Dieu  merci)  mes  yeux  sont 
Ouvert,  et  Je  vois  que  les  plue  courtes  folies  sont  les 
meilleures. 

Inclosed  I  send  a  return  of  the  Detachment 
whereby  you  will  see  our  present  state. 

We  expect  the  Army  here  about  the  20th  or  at 
furtherest  the  latter  end  of  August.  I  suppose  they 
will  meet  with  a  warm  reception  in  the  River,  as  the 
Indians  are  at  present  assembling  from  all  Quarters; 
I  dare  say  they  will  at  least  muster  a  thousand  men 
to  attack  the  Army.  I  expect  to  have  the  pleasure 
of  seeing  some  of  the  Barbariens  brought  to  the  most 
Condign  Punishment,  and  do  assure  you  that  will 
add  greatly  to  my  happiness.  I  wrote  to  Lieut 
Leslie  the  19th  of  June  and  forwarded  him  and  Cap 
tain  Etherington  Shirts,  shoes  and  stockings,  &cd. 
for  want  of  which,  they  wrote  me  of  their  being  in 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       193 

great  Distress.  I  heartily  condole  with  them,  as  I 
do  with  all  others  who  are  in  the  hands  of  the 
Savages,  for  certainly  they  are  Objects  of  the 
greatest  Pity.  I  have  the  honour  to  be  very  respect 
fully 

Sir 
your  most  obed*  &  faithful  Serv* 

JAMES  MAC  DONALD 
Addressed  to  Col.  Henry  Bouquet. 


Letter  to  Governor  Hamilton 

Fort  Pitt  llth  August  1763 
Sir 

I  have  the  pleasure  to  inform  you  that  on  our 
march  to  the  relief  of  this  Fort,  we  have  been  at 
tacked  by  a  considerable  body  of  Indians  composed 
of  the  Delawares,  Shawanes  Wyandots  and  Mingoes, 
and  that  after  two  obstinate  engagements  on  the  5th 
and  6th  Instant  we  have  obtained  a  compleat  victory 
over  the  Barbarians  by  the  uncommon  resolution  of 
our  brave  highlanders;  before  the  enemy  came  to 
meet  us  they  had  closely  beset  and  attacked  this  Fort 
and  for  five  days  kept  an  incessant  fire  upon  it. 

Captain  Basset  who  has  distinguished  himself  ex 
tremely  and  has  been  of  great  service  to  me,  carries 
my  dispatches  to  the  General.  I  beg  leave  to  refer 
you  to  him  for  the  particulars  of  that  bloody  affair 
in  which  the  most  warlike  of  the  savage  tribes  have 
lost  their  boasted  claim  of  being  invincible  in  the 


194         History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

woods  of  the  Provinces  would  now  enable  us  to  fol 
low  this  Looky  Blow  we  might  drive  the  Indians 
over  the  Lakes  or  compel  them  to  sue  for  peace  but 
it  cannot  be  attempted  with  Prudence  with  the 
Troops  I  have  left  and  if  we  give  them  time  to  re 
cover  of  their  Pannic  we  may  have  the  whole  to  do 
over  again. 

It  is  so  evidently  true  that  the  only  method  of 
protecting  our  Settlements  is  by  carrying  the  war 
into  the  enemys  country,  that  I  shall  dwell  no  longer 
upon  it. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be  with  Great  respect 

Sir  your  most  humble  servant 

Henry  Bouquet 


Ligonier  Aug1.  18th.  1763 
Sir 

When  you  passed  this  I  found  you  so  much  hurry'd 
that  I  Judged  it  needless  to  speak  to  you  about  the 
distress  of  the  Inhabitants  that  have  been  detained 
by  me  for  the  preservation  of  this  Post. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  War  all  the  Inhabitants 
wanted  very  much  to  carry  down  their  families  and 
effects  but  as  I  was  not  in  a  situation  to  deffend  the 
Post,  I  found  it  necessary  to  detain  them  when  they 
represented  to  me,  that  by  keeping  them,  they  would 
lose  every  thing  they  brought  up  with  them  and  all 
they  had  in  World. 

What  they  then  dreaded  has  turned  out  too  true,  I 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       195 

have  therefore  to  beg,  you  would  represent  their 
situation  to  the  Gineral,  that  the  poor  People  may 
not  be  ruined  by  my  detaining  them  here. 

There  was  likewayse  a  number  of  Pack  Horse 
men  detained  at  same  time,  and  for  the  same  reason, 
whose  Horses  were  carried  off  by  the  Indians  which 
I  had  got  all  apraised,  that  no  doubt  might  arise 
about  their  Value  and  numbers.  I  should  be  glad 
to  know  what  I  am  to  do  with  the  owners,  as  they 
expect  Certificates  from  me,  and  Payment  for  those 
Horses  they  have  lost. 

At  present  I  have  nothing  to  add  but  that  I  am 

Sir 

Your  most  obed*.  and  most  Hum.  Serv*. 

A.  Blane. 
To  Col1.  Bouquet 
commd.  the  Western  Expedition. 


To  Lieut  James  McDonald 
Fort  Pitt  the  28th.  Aug*.  1763 
Sir 

I  had  Last  Night  by  the  Indian  Andrew  Your 
Letter  of  the  29th  July  with  its  enclosures,  for  which 
I  am  much  oblig'd  to  You.  •  The  other  Letter  of  the 
14th  is  not  yet  come  to  hand. 

The  Loss  of  our  good  and  worthy  Friend  Captain 
Campbell  affects  me  Extremely,  He  had  treated 
those  infamous  Barbarians  with  so  much  Generosity 
and  Benevolence,  that  I  flatter'd  myself  they  would 


196         History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

have  Spar'd  his  Life;  but  they  must  be  rank'd  with 
the  Panther  of  their  Forests,  and  treated  in  the  same 
way. 

I  am  much  Concern'd  of  such  of  our  Officers  and 
Men  who  have  had  the  Misfortune  to  fall  in  their 
hands.  If  we  cannot  rescue  them,  we  shall  at  Least 
revenge  their  Death,  upon  the  perfidious  Wretches 
in  whose  power  they  now  are. 

We  have  on  our  March  to  the  relief  of  this  Fort, 
which  was  closely  beset,  defeated  in  the  Woods  a 
Large  Body  of  Savages  Compos'd  of  part  of  the 
Wiandots,  Shavanese,  Mingoes,  and  all  the  Dela- 
wars  who  are  recon'd  and  think  them  selfs  the  best 
Warriors  in  the  Woods;  Indeed  they  fought  with 
the  greatest  bravery  and  resolution  for  two  days,  that 
the  Action  Lasted,  on  the  5th  and  6th  Instant; 
They  are  now  all  Dispers'd,  and  we  have  not  Seen 
any  since.  The  Highland"  are  the  bravest  men  I 
ever  Saw,  and  their  behaviour  in  that  obstinat  affair 
does  them  the  highest  honor. 

Of  the  42s  C°         Lieut.  Graham 

Lieut.  Mclntosh     Kill'd 
Of  the  Rangers     Lieut.  Randal 
42s  Captn  Graham 

Lieut.  Dun  Campbell 

60th  Lieut.  Dow  dangerously  Wounded 

77th  Lieut.  Donald  Campbell 

Volunteer  Peebles 

In  all  50  killed  and  60  Wounded. 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       197 

I  wish  the  same  Success,  with  a  Less  considerable 
Loss,  may  attend  the  other  Bodies  of  Troops  em- 
ploy'd  against  those  Villians.  They  may  fight  this 
way  but  never  with  the  same  Spirit  and  Confidence. 
We  expect  a  Reinforcement  to  push  this  Luky  blow 
and  forward  some  Troops  to  Your  assistance. 

Major  Gladwin  expresses  his  Sattisf action  of  the 
Services  of  the  Officers  with  him  in  a  manner  very 
honorable  to  them,  and  which  gives  me  very  great 
pleasure. 

I'll  write  you  a  duplicate  by  Sandusky,  I  beg 
my  Compliments  to  our  Friends,  all  is  well  here. 

I  am  very  Sincerely 
Sir 
Your  most  Obedient  humble  Serv* 

Henry  Bouquet 


Colonel  John  Armstrong  to 
Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

Carlisle  26th  August  1763 
Dear  Colonel 

I  heartily  embrace  the  first  opportunity  of  con 
gratulating  you  and  the  brave  troops  under  your  com 
mand  on  your  safe  and  very  reputable  arrival  at 
Fort  Pitt;  and  as  heartily  join  you  in  paying  due 
Honor  to  the  great  author  of  all  true  Heroism,  con 
duct  and  success,  who  has  at  once  crowned  you  with 
merit  and  made  you  the  happy  instruments  of  so 
much  peace  and  joy  to  a  large  part  of  our  American 


198          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

world.  Those  Barbarians  dont  in  action  stand  so 
close  together  as  the  Philistines  of  old  who  fell  by  the 
hands  of  the  Hebrew  hero,  however  they  may  con 
sist  of  as  many  different  tribes.  May  the  same  Al 
mighty  hand  fight  against  those  modern  Infidels  and 
extend  his  Sons  heritage  from  Sea  to  Sea  and  from 
Pole  to  Pole. 

A  party  of  Volunteers  chiefly  from  the  East  side 
of  the  River  betwixt  One  hundred  and  two  in  number 
are  gone  up  the  West  Branch  of  Susquehannah.  I 
believe  the  Men  are  very  good,  but  am  doubtful  of 
their  conduct  if  they  miscarry,  they  will  probably 
prevent  the  prospect  of  a  blow,  that  was  equally  well 
designed.  Our  people  have  discovered  a  few  single 
Indians  but  have  been  quiet  since  you  marched  ex 
cept  the  taking  of  one  prisoner  who  made  his  escape 
about  the  time  you  left  Bedford 

We  may  now  expect  to  receive  a  few  visits.  The 
Number  of  the  Inhabitants  killed  within  this  country 
and  eastward  of  the  Allegheny  hills  were  Forty  eight 
or  forty  nine,  as  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  learn,  on 
the  truth  of  which  (in  case  of  any  representation) 
you  may  depend.  I  have  kept  the  five  men  at 
Lyttleton  and  Lems's  Company  compleat  at  Bedford 
for  particular  reasons,  tho'  double  the  number  of  Men 
allowed  to  any  other  equal  number  of  the  Inhabitants. 
I  have  wrote  Capt  Ourry  concerning  young  Culbert- 
son  whom  its  said  he  has  in  Irons  at  Bedford,  who 
went  to  Ligonier  a  Volunteer  but  left  that  post  with 
out  leave.  I  dont  fully  know  the  crime,  but  hope 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       199 

for  the  Service  sake  he  has  set  him  at  liberty.  The 
Governor  has  wrote  for  the  Indians  that  were  in  this 
jail  in  a  very  pressing  manner  whom  I  have  been 
obliged  to  send  off  under  the  protection  of  the 
Soldiers,  as  the  Sheriff  could  raise  no  guard  for  that 
purpose 

I  am  dear  Sir,  with  very  great  respect, 
Your  most  obedient  and  most 
Humble  Servant 

John  Armstrong 


To  Major  Gladwin 
Fort  Pitt  28th  August  1763 
Dear  Sir 

I  had  last  Night  the  very  great  pleasure  to  receive 
your  letter  of  the  28th  July  by  your  Express  An 
drew,  who  says  he  was  detained  by  sickness  at  San- 
dusky.  Your  letters  for  the  General  are  forwarded. 
A  Mohawk  having  reported  to  Sir  Wm  Johnson  that 
Detroit  was  taken,  I  could  not  help  being  uneasy 
tho'  long  acquainted  with  Indian  lies. 

It  was  a  great  satisfaction  to  me  to  know  from 
yourself  that  you  have  been  able  to  defend  that  post, 
with  so  few  men,  against  that  Multitude,  what  was 
known  below  of  your  firm  and  prudent  conduct  from 
the  beginning  of  the  Insurrection,  had  obtained  the 
Generals  approbation  and  does  you  the  greatest 
honor.  The  loss  of  all  our  detained  posts  is  no  more 
than  could  be  expected  from  their  defenceless  State. 


200         History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

But  Capt  Campbels  Death  affects  me  sensibly.  I 
pity  the  unfortunate  who  remain  yet  in  the  Power  of 
the  Barbarians,  as  every  step  we  take  to  rescue  them, 
may  and  will  probably  hasten  their  death. 

Your  Express  says  that  after  he  left  the  De  Troite, 
two  Wyandots  told  him  that  the  detachment  of  300 
men  from  Niagara  had  joined  you  with  provisions. 
This  will  give  you  some  ease  till  more  effectual  rein 
forcements  can  be  sent.  You  know  that  you  are  to 
have  the  command  of  all  the  Troops  destined  for 
Detroit  and  to  retake  possession  of  the  Country  now 
fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  Enemy.  To  that  effect 
the  General  collects  all  the  Troops  that  can  be  spared 
at  Niagara  and  Presque  Isle.  The  remains  of  the 
42nd  and  77th  were  ordered  to  join  you  this  way, 
when  we  had  Intelligence  that  Venango  had  been 
surprised.  Lieut  Gordon  and  all  his  unfortunate 
Garrison  massacred.  Le  Boeuf  abandoned  and 
Presque  Isle  surrendered,  to  my  unspeakable  as 
tonishment,  as  I  knew  the  strength  of  that  Block 
house,  which  would  have  been  relieved  from  Niagra. 
Fort  Pitt  was  attacked  and  invested  by  all  the  Dela- 
wares  and  parts  of  the  Shawanese,  Wyandots  and 
Mingoes  to  the  Number  of  400,  by  their  account, 
but  much  more  considerable  as  we  found  afterwards, 
besides  their  women  and  children  which  they  had 
brought  here  to  carry  the  plunder  to  their  towns,  not 
doubting  to  take  the  place.  Fort  Burd  on  the 
Monongahela,  Bushy  run  and  Stoney  Creek  were 
abandoned  for  want  of  men. 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       201 

Ligonier  a  post  of  great  consequence  to  us  was 
defended  with  a  handful  of  men  by  lieutenant  Blane 
and  Captain  Ecuyer  baffled  all  their  efforts  here. 
Tho  the  Fort  was  open  on  three  sides.  The  Floods 
having  undermined  the  sod  work,  the  rampart  had 
tumbled  in  the  ditch.  He  Pallissadoed,  and  Frais'd 
the  whole,  raised  a  parapet  all  round  and  in  a  short 
time  with  a  small  Garrison,  he  has  made  it  im 
pregnable  for  Savages.  Besides  their  attacks  on  the 
Fort,  they  kept  parties  on  the  communication  and 
interrupted  all  Expresses,  while  others  falling  upon 
the  Frontier  settlements  spread  terror  and  desolation 
through  the  whole  country  Things  being  in  that 
situation  I  received  orders  to  March  with  the  above 
Troops,  the  only  force  the  General  could  collect  at 
that  time  for  the  relief  of  this  Fort  which  was  in  great 
want  of  Provisions.  The  little  flour  they  had  being 
damaged.  In  that  pressing  danger  the  provinces  re 
fused  to  give  us  the  least  assistance. 

Having  formed  a  convoy,  I  marched  from  Carlisle 
the  18th  of  July  with  about  460  Rank  and  File,  be 
ing  the  remains  of  the  42d  and  77th  Regiments,  many 
of  them  convalescents  I  left  30  men  at  Bedford, 
and  as  many  at  Ligonier,  where  I  arrived  on  the  2d 
Instant  Having  no  Intelligence  of  the  enemy  I  de 
termined  to  leave  the  waggons  at  that  post  and  to 
proceed  with  400  Horses  loaded  with  flour,  to  be  less 
incumbered  in  case  of  an  action. 

I  left  Ligonier  the  4th  and  on  the  5th  instant  at 
one  o'clock  P  M  after  marching  17  miles  we  were 


202          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

suddenly  attacked  by  all  the  Savages  collected  about 
Fort  Pitt.  I  shall  not  enter  into  the  detail  of  that 
obstinate  action  which  lasted  till  Night,  and  begin 
ning  early  on  the  6th  continued  till  one  o'clock  when 
at  last  we  routed  them.  They  were  pursued  about 
two  miles,  and  so  well  dispersed,  that  we  have  not 
seen  one  since,  as  we  were  excessively  distressed  by 
the  total  want  of  water,  we  marched  immediately  to 
the  nearest  Spring  without  inquiring  into  the  loss  of 
the  enemy,  who  must  have  suffered  greatly  by  their 
repeated  and  bold  attacks  in  which  they  were  con 
stantly  repulsed  Our  loss  is  very  considerable 

Of  the  42d    Captain  Lieutenant  Graham 
Rangers        Lieutenant  Mclntosh     Killed 

Lieutenant  Randall 
42d  Captain  John  Graham 

Lieutenant  Don  Campbell 

60th  Lieutenant  Dow  dangerously    wounded 

77th  Lieutenant  Donald  Campbell 

Volunteer  Peebles 
Killed  50 
Wounded  60 
In  all  110 

After  delivering  our  convoy  here  part  of  the 
Troops  were  embarked  and  sent  down  the  river  to 
cut  off  the  Shawanese,  the  rest  went  back  to  Ligonier 
and  brought  our  waggons  on  the  22d  The  great 
fatigues  of  Long  Marches  and  of  being  always  under 
arms  has  occasioned  great  sickness,  which  the  loss  in 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       203 

the  action,  puts  it  out  of  my  power  to  send  you  the 
remains  of  the  two  regiments  ordered  to  join  you 
by  Presque  Isle,  till  I  receive  a  reinforcement 

This  gives  me  great  uneasiness,  as  I  know  that  they 
are  much  wanted.  But  you  may  be  assured  that  we 
shall  do  everything  in  the  power  of  men  to  assist  you. 

I  am  to  remain  here  myself  ready  to  go  down  the 
River  with  a  strong  body  which  is  to  be  ordered  up 
for  that  service. 

As  I  have  no  means  to  procure  Intelligence  from 
Presque  Isle,  I  am  obliged  to  send  your  Express 
that  way,  and  at  his  return  I  will  dispatch  him  by 
Sandusky,  with  what  news  I  may  then  have  received 
and  a  Duplicate  of  this.  It  is  very  agreeable  to  me 
to  hear  that  our  Officers  with  you  have  been  so  happy 
as  to  obtain  your  approbation  of  their  services,  and 
I  am  much  obliged  to  you  for  the  honor  you  have 
done  them 

I  enclose  the  Latest  papers  we  have.  Two  of  our 
Battalions  are  reduced  I  know  nothing  certain  of 
the  Number  of  Corps  remaining 

I  am  dear  Sir  Your  most 

obedient  humble  servant 

Henry  Bouquet 


Letter  from  Governor  Hamilton 

Philadelphia  August  29th,  1763 
Sir 

I  received  with  the  greatest  pleasure  your  letter  of 


204          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

the  llth  instant  and  most  sincerely  congratulate 
you,  as  well  on  your  Victory  and  triumph  over  them 
Indians,  as  on  your  having  fully  accomplished  the 
purpose  of  your  expedition,  by  the  relief  of  Fort 
Pitt  very  important  services  both,  and  of  the  utmost 
consequence  to  these  Colonies  and  which  I  am  in 
hopes  will  appear  so  considerable  in  the  eyes  of  our 
Superiors  as  to  entitle  the  conductor  to  some  valuable 
marks  of  their  approbation.  We  have  heard  from 
Capt  Basset  and  the  Officers  who  are  returned,  the 
particulars  of  your  two  engagements;  and  are  de 
lighted  at  the  testimony  given  to  the  gallantry  and 
good  behaviour  of  the  Highlanders.  This  was  all 
unexpected  considering  the  low  state  of  health  they 
were  in,  when  they  passed  through  this  city.  With 
regard  to  your  self,  it  was  nothing  unexpected,  as 
every  body  was  convinced  that  wherever  you  com 
manded,  matters  would  be  put  upon  the  best  foot, 
and  conducted  in  the  best  manner  they  were  capable 
of.  I  agree  entirely  with  you  in  the  expediency  of 
carrying  the  war  into  the  Enemy's  country.  A 
lingering  defensive  one  must  ever  be  attended  with 
ruin,  by  exhausting  our  men  and  money,  in  attempt 
ing  to  defend  a  Frontier  that  cannot  be  defended, 
and  whenever  a  plan  shall  be  concerted  for  that  pur 
pose  and  a  general  requisition  made  to  the  Colonies 
for  their  assistance  to  carry  it  into  operation  I  doubt 
not  but  ours  will  readily  contribute  its  proportion; 
but  of  this  no  mention  hath  as  yet  been  made  by 
Sir  Jeffrey.  Having  but  just  heard  of  this  oppor- 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       205 

tunity  and  that  the  Express  sets  off  early  in  the  morn 
ing,  I  have  not  time  to  be  more  diffuse.  But  I  could 
not  suffer  him  to  depart  without  paying  you  my  com 
pliments  upon  an  occasion  so  honorable  to  you,  and 
assuring  you  that  I  am  with  the  greatest  respect 

Sir  your  most  Obed1  &  most  humble 

Servant 

James  Hamilton 

Mr  Aller  &  his  family  arrived  at  Loudoun  in  40  days 
with  an  easy  passage.  All  well. 

Colonel  Bouquet 


From  Lieut  Blane  to  Coll  Bouquet 

Ligonier  Sept  17th  1763 
Sir 

I  wrote  you  by  the  Express  who  I  hope  got  in 
safe ;  where  I  told  you  I  def ered  sending  the  returns 
of  the  Garrison  till  the  Command  should  carry  them, 
but  as  the  Commissary  afterwards  told  the  Contrac 
tors  wanted  an  Abstract  immediatly,  I  afterwards 
inclosed  them  to  Gough  with  directions  to  give  them 
you.  I  have  examined  all  the  stores  again  and  again 
but  can  find  no  Garden  Seeds,  either  Mr  Boyle  must 
know  of  them  or  the  Rol  Artillery  for  I  believe  Mr 
Boyle  left  them  in  the  store.  Capt  May  had  given 
him  in  this  Place 

I  must  beg  leave  to  put  you  once  more  in  mind 
of  Blankets  &c  for  the  Garrison,  as  well  as  some  Salt, 


206          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

Nails  and  Chaulk  wich  are  all  absolutely  needful 
here.  I  must  likewise  beg  leave  to  recommend  to 
your  particular  attention  the  situation  of  the  Sick 
Soldiers  here  as  there  is  neither  Surgeon  or  Medicine 
here,  it  would  really  be  charity  to  order  them  up  to 
Fort  Pitt. 

I  must  also  beg  leave  to  ask  what  you  intend  to 
do  with  the  poor  starved  Militia  who  have  neither 
Shirts,  Shoes  or  anything  else,  nor  are  they  to  be  got 
here.  I  am  sorry  you  can  do  nothing  for  the  poor 
Inhabitants.  The  axes  and  Rice  are  sent  by  this 
opportunity. 

I  am  sorry  for  the  Affaire  at  Niagara  of  the  Lakes. 

Your  obliged  and  most 

humble  Servt 

A  Blane 


Letter  from  Captain  Robertson 

Ligonier  September  25th  1763 
Sir 

This  morning  early  a  Detachment  from  Bedford 
arrived  here  with  Dispatches  for  Fort  Pitt,  and  as 
Major  Campbell  left  it  in  my  option  to  forward 
them  in  the  manner  I  should  think  most  safe.  I 
thought  it  more  secure  to  send  them  thro'  the  woods 
by  three  men  only,  than  by  any  Party  I  could  spare 
from  this  Post,  as  I  am  obliged  to  keep  one  third 
of  my  Garrison  always  on  the  Bullock  and  Sheep 
Guard,  notwithstanding  all  the  precautions  that  we 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       207 

could  take  one  of  the  Royal  Americans  who  was  on 
the  sheep  Guard  was  killed  within  80  yards  of  the 
Fort — the  date  of  his  death  is  in  the  Monthly  Re 
turn,  which  I  send  you  of  this  Garrison.  I  am  with 
great  Respect 

Sir  your  most  humble  servant 

James  Robertson 
To  Colonel  Bouquet 


Letter  to  Colonel  Stephen 

Fort  Pitt  30th  September  1763 
Dear  Sir 

I  had  last  night  the  pleasure  to  receive  your  letter 
of  the  15th  and  am  extremely  obliged  to  you  for  your 
very  kind  compliment  on  the  Success  of  our  March 
to  the  Relief  of  this  Post. 

I  had  so  long  experienced  and  known  your  Zeal 
for  the  Service,  to  be  surprised  at  the  Intention  you 
express  to  follow  this  lucky  blow  by  procuring  a 
Party  of  Volunteers  from  the  Men  under  your  Com 
mand  and  to  make  some  New  Attempts  that  might 
compell  the  Villians  to  Submit.  The  General  ac 
quaints  me  that  he  has  lately  wrote  to  you  on  the 
Subject,  and  you  may  Depend  upon  all  the  assist 
ance  in  my  Power  to  second  you  effectually  in  the 
Execution  of  all  offensive  Measures,  that  can  be  ad 
visable  to  humble  and  crush  the  Barbarians.  I  think 
the  Generals  Plan  not  only  practicable  but  easy  to 
execute,  either  by  land  or  water  as  we  have  now  a 


208          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

Number  of  New  Batteaux  finished,  and  want  only 
Men,  to  strike  a  decisive  blow.  But  no  time  should 
be  lost  as  the  season  advances  fast,  we  have  plenty  of 
Ammunition  and  Provisions,  and  nothing  would  de 
tain  us.  You  would  have  the  command  of  the  most 
Promising  Expedition  that  has  been  attempted  yet 
against  the  Savages  and  obtain  great  Honour  to 
your  Government  and  to  your  self  by  so  great  and 
Seasonable  a  service. 

I  will  answer  with  my  head  that  a  Detachment 
of  about  700  good  men  will  burn  and  destroy  all  the 
Indian  Towns  and  Settlements  between  this  Post  the 
Lake  and  the  Wabash,  and  drive  the  Brutes  beyond 
the  Mississippi  or  the  Lakes.  One  half  at  least 
should  be  picked  Men  of  your  province.  I  am  well 
informed  of  the  Roads  to  their  Towns  and  of  the 
Numbers  of  men  in  each,  and  would  satisfy  you  fully 
on  that  head,  and  provide  you  with  Guides. 

I  have  yet  seen  none  of  your  Volunteers,  they  can 
depend  upon  all  the  Encouragement  they  can  wish 
and  that  they  shall  be  very  kindly  received.  I  dont 
know  whether  the  Post  at  Redstone  is  destroyed,  but 
it  might  be  built  again,  if  your  Government  would 
Garrison  it,  and  it  would  certainly  be  of  great  Service 
to  cover  their  Frontiers.  I  shall  be  very  glad  to  have 
your  answer  as  soon  as  Possible  as  I  must  soon  dis 
pose  of  the  Regular  Troops,  if  they  are  not  rein 
forced,  so  as  to  act  offensively 

I  am  dear  Sir  Your  most  obedient 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum       209 

Humble  Servant 

Henry  Bouquet 


Carlisle  October  llth  1763 
Sir 

This  day  I  returned  here  from  the  Norward,  all 
the  Five  Nations  are  quiet  and  I  believe  will  con 
tinue  so,  except  the  Senecas.  Seven  Tribes  in 
Canada  have  offered  their  services  to  act  with  the 
kings  Troops.  But  the  General  seems  determined 
to  neither  accept  of  Indian  serving  nor  provincials. 
There  have  been  a  few  Troops  killed  near  Niagra 
some  time  ago  f or  the  particulars  I  refer  you  to  the 
papers  which  are  sent  up.  I  have  resigned  out  of 
the  Service  and  will  sail  for  England  about  the  begin 
ning  of  December.  Sir  Jeffrey  Amherst  would  not 
give  his  consent,  so  I  made  my  resignation  in  writing 
and  gave  my  reasons  for  so  doing.  I  know  many 
people  will  think  I  am  wrong  but  had  I  continued 
I  could  be  of  no  more  Service  than  I  have  been  this 
eighteen  Months  past  which  was  none,  as  no  regard 
was  had  to  any  intelligence  I  sent,  no  more  than  to 
my  opinions.  I  hope  the  Indian  War  at  this  time 
will  be  lucky  for  his  Majestys  Subjects  here  after 
provided  they  are  suficiently  punished,  but  it  does 
not  apear  to  me  that  the  General  has  Troops  enough 
to  do  it  this  fall,  however  I  am  not  a  proper  Judge 
of  that. 

The  warrants  for  the  Land  I  leave  with  my  brother 


210         History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

who  will  see  them  run  again  as  soon  as  the  Times  will 
permit.  I  have  wrote  to  Capt  Barnsley  and  enclosed 
it  to  you,  open  for  your  perusal  in  which  I  have  de 
sired  him  to  pay  you  £70  which  I  think  is  the  Bal 
ance  I  owe  you,  if  he  does  not  please  draw  on  me 
for  it,  that  it  may  be  paid  before  I  go  to  England. 
I  will  take  it  as  a  great  favor  if  you  will  press 
Capt  Barnsley  to  get  the  accounts  settled  before  I 

go- 

I  am  with  great  Esteem  and  regard  your  most 

Humble  Servant 

George  Croghan 
To  Henry  Bouquet  Esqr. 

Commanding  att  Fort  Pitt 


Letter  from  Major  Gladwin  to  Colonel  Bouquet. 

Detroit  November  1st  1763 
Dear  Sir 

I  am  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  two  very 
kind  letters  of  the  28th  August  and  29th  September. 
I  congratulate  you  on  the  drubbing  you  gave  the 
dogs,  which  does  you  so  much  honor,  and  I  doubt 
not  our  frontier  inhabitants  have  felt  the  good  effects 
of  it,  they  never  will  enter  into  such  a  war  again 
with  that  confidence  they  engaged  in  this,  which  I 
believe  they  would  not  have  undertaken  but  for  our 
good  subjects  the  French. 

I  have  had  no  late  accounts  from  below,  the  last 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum      211 

I  received  from  the  General  is  of  the  2d  July  in 
which  I  am  ordered  to  establish  the  out  posts  im 
mediately,  at  the  time  I  received  these  orders,  I  knew 
it  was  impossible  to  comply  with  any  part  of  them. 
The  event  shows  I  was  right  in  my  conjectures.  I 
am  heartily  wearied  of  my  command,  and  I  have 
signified  the  same  to  Colonel  Amherst ;  I  hope  I  shall 
be  relieved  soon,  if  not,  I  intend  to  quit  the  service 
for  I  would  not  choose  to  be  any  longer  exposed  to 
the  villany  and  treachery  of  the  settlement  and  In 
dians.  I  hope  the  General  has  countermanded  his 
order  about  the  reinforcement  you  were  to  send  me, 
because  they  can  be  of  no  use  here  this  advanced 
season,  besides  I  dont  see  how  they  can  leave  Presque 
Isle,  if  they  get  thither,  supposing  that  post  was  re- 
istablished,  which  I  believe  is  not  the  case,  owing  to 
the  loss  of  the  sloop,  but  if  they  should  come  contrary 
to  expectation,  you  may  be  assured  Sir,  I  shall  dis 
patch  the  Royal  Americans  immediately,  perhaps  I 
may  have  an  opportunity  of  sending  them  down  in 
lieu  of  other  troops  that  are  coming  up.  I  need  not 
say  any  thing  of  our  affairs  here,  as  you  must  have 
heard  enough  of  it  from  other  hands,  but  I  send  you 
my  dispatches  to  the  General  open  for  your  perusal, 
pray  let  me  know  what  passes  in  your  department. 
I  shall  be  happy  to  hear  of  your  health  and  welfare 
and  believe  me  to  be  Dear  Sir  Yours  very  sincerely 

Henry  Gladwin 
To  Colonel  Bouquet 


212         History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

From  A  Blane  to  Colonel  Bouquet 

Ligonier  November  5th  1763 
Sir 

Captain  Ourry  delivered  me  yours  of  the  26th 
October,  the  contents  of  which  I  shall  exactly  ob 
serve.  Ever  since  Provisions  were  issued  in  pounds 
I  have  the  Receipts  in  such.  I  have  received  72 
blankets  most  of  which  are  much  eat  and  cut  but 
all  the  care  possible  shall  be  taken  of  them.  Captain 
Ourry  left  me  four  Horses  two  of  which  wont  haul 
a  bit  therefore  I  shall  only  feed  those  that  work  and 
change  the  others  with  the  command,  I  have  already 
finished  a  Guard  house  with  a  chimney  and  fitted  up 
one  Barrack  for  36  or  40  Men  upon  a  pinch  and 
tomorrow  night  expect  to  have  a  stone  chimney 
finished  in  another  Barrack  for  18.  In  short  I 
hope  to  fitt  up  Barracks  in  the  Fort  for  3  officers 
and  70  men  and  should  a  greater  Garrison  be  needful 
30  or  40  men  will  have  good  accomadations  in  the 
Barrack  before  the  uper  gate  which  is  an  excellent 
log  house  and  a  very  good  place  for  the  sick.  That 
whatever  you  intend  may  succeed  to  your  mind  is  the 
sincere  wish  of  Sir  Your  Most 

obedient  Humble  servant 

A  Blane 
Be  so  good  as  to  order  down  the  Mens  substance. 


Letter  from  Captain  Stewart 
Camp  at  Smalls  29th  November  1763. 


Bouquet  Papers  from  British  Museum      213 

I  have  the  pleasure  to  acknowledge  the  Receipt  of 
your  three  Letters,  viz  two  of  the  13th  and  one  of 
the  16th  instant  and  to  acquaint  you  that  I  left  Fort 
Bedford  the  22nd  inst  with  a  convoy  of  Pack  Horses 
and  Bullocks  of  which  72  Bullocks  and  60  Loads  of 
Salt  are  left  at  Ligonier  the  Remainder  which  con 
sists  of  43  Loads  of  Salt  9  ditto  of  Flour  2  d°  of 
Rice,  15  D°  of  cloathing  9  D°  of  Whiskey  1  D°  of 
Match  1  d°  of  Pick  Axes,  I  have  with  me  and  also 
80  Bullocks,  which  I  expected  to  have  reached  Fort 
Pitt  with  tomorrow  but  as  a  good  deal  of  rain  has 
fallen  this  afternoon  I  fear  that  the  Roads  are  so 
very  bad  that  my  reaching  the  Fort  tomorrow  will 
be  impracticable,  but  shall  do  all  in  my  Power,  as 
there  is  nothing  I  want  to  see  more  than  my  Good 
Friends  at  Fort  Pitt,  particularly  on  St  Andrews 
day. 

I  have  left  Lieutenant  Puy  and  Wattson  in  arrest 
at  Bedford  and  my  reasons  for  so  doing  I  will  ac 
quaint  you  with,  and  also  give  you  a  particular  ac 
count  of  my  proceedings  at  our  first  meeting.  I 
am  extremely  sorry  to  let  you  know  that  our  friend 
Capt  Ecuyer  was  so  much  indisposed  when  I  left 
Bedford  as  to  oblige  me  to  leave  him  at  that  Post. 

Your  Orders  with  regard  to  the  Troops  at  Ligonier 
have  been  particularly  complied  with.  A  return 
of  whom  I  shall  have  ready  for  you. 

The  Detachment  I  have  with  me  is  victualed  to  the 
30th  inclusive.  We  have  not  seen  the  least  appear 
ance  of  an  enemy  since  we  left  Bedford.  The  rein- 


214         History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

forcement  from  Fort  Pitt  that  joyned  me  at  Bedford 
were  so  much  fatigued  that  I  have  been  obliged  to 
leave  a  good  many  of  them  at  that  Post  and  at 
Ligonier 

I  am  sir  your  most  obedient  and  most 
humble  servant 

John  Stewart 

NB  I  can  inform  you  for  certain  that  General  Am- 
herst  was  to  sail  about  the  20th  inst  in  the  Weasel 
Sloop  of  War  for  England  and  that  General  Gage 
was  expected  at  that  time  to  take  the  Command  till 
General  Moncktons  arrival  who  is  to  be  Commander 
in  Chief  in  America. 

I  did  not  choose  to  risk  any  of  your  letters  as  I  am 
to  be  so  soon  with  you  myself 
To  Henry  Bouquet 


FLOODS  IN  THE  RIVERS  AT 
PITTSBURGH 

1756.  Fort  Duquesne  nearly  carried  off  by  a  freshet. 
The  winter  had  been  very  cold. 

1762.    Fort  Pitt  surrounded  by  water  40  feet  deep. 

1762.  Letter  from  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet  com 
manding  at  Fort  Pitt  to  General  Amherst 
Commander  in  Chief  at  New  York 

Fort  Pitt  January  12  1762 

Sir: 

I  have  to  inform  your  Excellency  of  the 
great  damage  this  fort  has  sustained  by  an 
extraordinary  Flood  the  9th  inst.  We  had 
snow  almost  every  Day  in  December,  and  from 
the  beginning  of  this  month,  clear  and  cold 
weather.  Both  rivers  very  low  and  clear  of 
ice.  The  8th  we  had  a  rain  that  continued 
that  night  and  next  day  with  a  universal  Thaw. 
The  9th  the  Rivers  run  ten  feet  over  the  banks, 
which  had  not  happened  in  any  flood  since  this 
place  was  built.  The  water  came  upon  us 
through  the  Drains,  Gate  and  Sally  Ports  and 
boiled  out  the  ground  in  several  parts  of  the 

215 


216          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 

Area.  I  had  the  Battoes  brought  into  the 
Fort,  loaded  them  with  Provisions,  and  as  we 
had  four  feet  of  water  in  the  Area  and  Nine 
in  the  Casemates,  I  sent  part  of  the  Garrison, 
which  could  be  of  no  further  service  to  the 
upper  town  upon  a  rising  ground  and  kept 
only  so  many  in  the  Fort  as  I  could  carry  off 
in  the  Battoes  should  we  be  reduced  to  that 
extremity.  The  two  Rivers  entirely  covered 
with  Ice  and  Trees  had  joined  above  the  Fort, 
but  the  most  rapid  current  continued  on  each 
side.  We  remained  in  that  situation  till  one 
o'clock  in  the  morning  when  we  were  unex 
pectedly  relieved  by  a  sudden  Frost.  The 
water  was  then  upon  a  level  with  the  top  of 
the  Rampart  at  the  N  W  Side  where  there  is 
no  Parapet  and  did  not  begin  to  fall  till  next 
day  at  ten  o'clock. 

The  llth  we  could  discover  part  of  our 
disaster.  All  the  sod  work  of  last  year  and 
part  of  the  year  before  tumbled  down  and  a 
good  deal  of  earth  and  a  number  of  Pickets 
washed  away.  The  Curtain  on  the  Mononga- 
hela  finished  two  years  ago  has  suffered  less, 
though  part  of  the  sod  is  gone.  The  part  re 
set  with  brick  does  not  appear  much  hurt  ex 
cept  the  Parapets. 

The  long  Barrack  built  in  1759  for  the  ar 
tillery  and  all  the  houses  upon  the  bank  of  the 
Allegheny  beyond  the  Epaulment  have  been 


Floods  in  the  Rivers  at  Pittsburgh          217 

carried  off  and  several  in  the  lower  Town. 

No  lives  have  been  lost — most  of  the  effects  of 

the  Traders  by  the  suddenness  of  the  Flood, 

though  we  gave  them  all  the  assistance  in  our 

power. 

Common    depth    of    the    Allegheny    at    low 

water  4-5  or  6 

Perpendicular  height  the  9th     39  to  41  feet 

Rose  in  the  Flood — 34  or  35  feet 

which  is  ten  feet  over  the  banks. 

1763.  March  7th.     Great  Flood,  see  Fort  Pitt 

1764.  March  28th     Rivers  frozen  over  ever  since  the 
middle  of  the  month. 

1772.    Flood  in  the  Ohio 

1784.    River  35  feet 

1787.    January  13th     River  32  feet 

1807.    May     40  feet  at  Brownsville — Monongahela 

Feet    Inches 

1810.    November  10th     32  0 

1810.  Pittsburgh  November  llth— (Sunday)  Mo 
nongahela  and  Allegheny  rivers  rose  rapidly 
from  sunset  Saturday  until  Midnight  Sunday. 
Water  about  37  feet  above  its  usual  level. 
Measured  four  feet  in  depth  on  the  ground 
floors  of  the  houses  on  the  corners  of  Wood 
and  Water  Streets. 
Penn  and  Liberty  Streets  were  flooded 
From  the  great  quantities  of  Pumpkins  float 
ing  during  the  inundation  it  is  usually  known 
as  the  Pumpkin  Flood. 


218          History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 


Feet 

Inches 

1832. 

February  10th 

35 

0 

1840. 

February  1st 

26 

0% 

1847. 

February  1st 

26 

0 

1852. 

April  19th 

31 

9 

1858. 

April      th 

26 

0 

1860. 

April  12th 

30 

«% 

1861. 

April  12th 

28 

7 

1861. 

September  29th 

30 

0% 

1862. 

January  20th 

28 

7 

1862. 

April  22nd 

25 

0 

1865. 

March  4th 

24 

0 

1865. 

March  18th 

31 

4 

1865. 

April  1st 

21 

6 

1865. 

May  12th 

21 

6 

1867. 

March  13th 

22 

6 

1868. 

March  18th 

22 

0 

1872. 

April  llth 

20 

6 

1873. 

December  14th 

25 

7 

1874. 

January  8th 

22 

6 

1874. 

December  30th 

21 

6 

1875. 

August  3rd 

21 

9 

1875. 

December  28th 

21 

6 

1876. 

September  19th 

23 

5 

1877. 

January  28th 

23 

7 

1878. 

December  llth 

24 

6 

1879. 

January  29th 

20 

0 

1880. 

January  14th 

22 

0 

1881. 

February  12th 

25 

0 

1882. 

January  28th 

21 

0 

Floods  in  the  Rivers  at  Pittsburgh          219 


Feet 

Inches 

1882. 

June  10th 

21 

0 

1883. 

February  5th 

25 

0 

1883. 

February  8th 

27 

0 

1884. 

February  1st 

21 

0 

1884. 

February  6th 

34 

2% 

1885. 

January  17th 

23 

0 

1886. 

April  7th 

22 

6 

1888. 

July  llth 

22 

0 

1888. 

August  22nd 

26 

0 

1889. 

June  1st 

24 

0 

1890. 

March  23d 

24 

3 

1891. 

January  3d 

23 

0 

1891. 

February  20th 

31 

3 

1892. 

January  15th 

25 

9 

1895. 

January  8th 

25 

8 

1895. 

February  7th 

24 

1 

1896. 

July  25th 

21 

8 

1897. 

February  24th 

28 

5 

1900. 

November  27th 

27 

8 

1901. 

April  7th 

22 

8 

1901. 

April  21st 

28 

5 

1901. 

December  15th 

27 

0 

1902. 

March  1st 

32 

4 

1902. 

April  10th 

21 

5 

1903. 

January  1st 

19 

0 

1903. 

January  3d 

24 

8 

1903. 

March  1st 

28 

9 

1904. 

January  23d 

30 

8 

1904. 

March  7th 

18 

0 

220         History  of  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet 


Feet      Inches 

1904.    March  8th 

25 

0 

1904.    March  20th 

15 

0 

1904.    April  2d 

25 

8 

1905.    March  21st 

30 

0 

1905.    December  4th 

23 

8 

1906.    January  23d 

18 

0 

1906.    March  28th 

16 

7 

1907.    January  15th 

21 

9 

1907.    January  20th 

23 

8 

1907.    March  15th 

35 

5 

1907.    December  25th 

18 

0 

1908.    February  16th 

30 

7 

1909.    February  17th 

19 

1 

1909.    February  25th 

22 

3 

1910.    March  3rd 

23 

1911.   January  15th 

23 

1911.    February  1st 

25 

1911.    August  31st 

High  Water 

1911.    September  15th 

20 

1912.    February  — 

River  very  low 

1912.    February  27th 

Ice  broke  —  filled  the 

river 

1912.    February  28th 

High  water  about  22 

ft.  in 

town. 

1912.     March  22nd 

28  ft.  1  inch 

1912.     April  3d 

River  nearly  20  ft. 

1912.     April  5th 

River  still  very  high 

1912.     April  30th 

River  rising  fast 

1912.     July  26th 

19  Ft.  7  inches 

1912.    August  lst-2nd 

River  very  low 

Floods  in  the  Elvers  at  Pittsburgh          221 

1912.  August  27th          River  high — sudden  rise  in 

Allegheny 

1913.  January  13th         32  Ft.  in  Allegheny  River 
1913.    January  13th         26  Ft.  3  inches  at  Midnight 
1913.    March  28th  30  Ft.  4  inches 

1915.    November  2nd       28  Ft.  4  inches 


INDEX 


Abercrombie,  Gen.,  92. 

Allegheny  Town,  120. 

Amherst,  Gen.,  92,  102,  103,  114; 

letter,  162,  214. 
Armstrong,  John,  letters,  158, 165, 

197,  199. 
Beaujeau,  51. 
Blane,    Arch.,    letters,    145,    157, 

180,  186,  195,  206,  212. 
Bouquet,  Col.,  88,   103,  105,  113; 

letters,  147,  T48,  160,  161,  169, 

170,  173,  176,  182,  191,  194,  197, 

203,  216. 

Braddock,  Gen.,  62,  77,  78,  85. 
Burney,  27. 
Campbell,  Lieut.,  letters,  178,  179, 

189. 

Celeron,  6,  57. 
Christie,  John,  letters,  178. 
Contreeoeur,  Captain,  48. 
Croghan,  George,  24,  55;   letters, 

131,  134,  151,  164,  209. 
Detroit,  103. 
Dinwiddie,  6,  8,  17. 
Dumas,  51,  53. 
Dunmore,  Gov.,  15. 
Duquesne,  Marquis,  8. 
Eeuyer,  Capt.,  69,  89,  102,  105. 
Floods,  216. 

Forbes,  Gen.,  1,  92,  94,  96,  100. 
Fort  Duquesne,  48,  49,  91,  96. 
Fort  Ligonier,  95. 
Fort  Necessity,  50. 
Fort  Pitt,  2,  3,  100,  105,  110,  116. 


Frazier,  38,  39. 

Gage,  68,  108,  214. 

(iallissonniere,  5. 

Gist,  11,  27,  37,  57. 

Gladwin,  Major,  103;  letters,  211. 

Grant,  Major,  92,  103. 

Great  Meadows,  49. 

Guyasuta,  102,  106. 

Haldiman,  Col.,  Ill,  113,  114. 

Half  King,  20,  21,  37,  42. 

Hamilton,  James,  letters,  174,  175, 

205. 

Havanna,  103,  128. 
Haviland,  Gen.,  113. 
Highlanders,  103. 
Johnson,  Sir  William,  3,  68. 
Jonquiere,  7. 
Kittanning,  71. 
Legionville,  9. 
Lignerie,  de,  95. 
Ligonier,  95. 

Livingstone,  James,  letter,  180. 
Logstown,  7,  11,  20,  38,  57. 
Louisburg,  78,  92. 
Loyalhanna,  92,  96. 
Loyalists,  122. 

MacDonald,  James,  letter,  193. 
Mercer,  Capt.,  95,  116. 
Mereier,  52. 
Monckton,  Gen.,  2,  214. 
Monsies,  72. 
Montour,  12,  39,  57. 
Officers    in    First    Battalion,    96; 

Second  Battalion,  97. 


223 


224 


INDEX 


Officers  at  Fort  Pitt,  98. 

Ourry,    Lieut.,    letters,    135,    140, 

143,  150,  154,  155. 
Penn,  William,  119. 
Pine  Creek,  71. 

Pittsburgh,  107;  Plan  of,  118. 
Plumsted,  William,  letters,  189. 
Pontiac,  102. 
Post,  93,  120. 
Pownall,  Thomas,  81. 
Price,  Ensign,  letters,  165,  167. 
Redoubt  of  Fort  Pitt,  116. 
Robertson,  James,  letters,  207. 
Royal  Americans,  92,  99. 


Shirley,  Gen.,  77. 

Stewart,  Capt.,  212,  214. 

Trent,  Capt.,  7,  17,  41,  44;  letter, 

74. 

Vaudrieul,  de,  53,  95,  123. 
Villiers,  53. 
Wampum,  14. 
Ward,  Edward,  4,  48. 
Washington,  George,  8,  44,  45,  48, 

50. 

White  Mingo  Castle,  70. 
Winchester,  13. 
Wolfe,  Gen.,  124. 
Wood,  George,  letters,  171,  183. 


^970  00869  8877 


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